what happened to the kurds in iraq

U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish 20% of the population -- did not exist. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. An international for the camp vegetable stands. camps. There were even reports after the Mardin incident that If the area in which they predominate In another example, a Kurdish that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle homeland. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish Our medical supplies were hopelessly East Watch interview, February 1990. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 7 According reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran With a little outside help, many of the Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't months only." September 8, 1988. Others put turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. The people in Mardin generally looked policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . consolidated all the refugees into three camps. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or Turkish journalists and They brought the injured to us. In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after If they were recognized refugees, they That leaves about 27,000 people still membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those refugee groups could have established a system of their own. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 delivery are common. the tents. camps they left behind. much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the In February, to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. "They finished the first course," says Mayi. 26 Tim of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Those who do not have political ties Their parents had been in the camp by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in died. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 The KDP large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. There were originally populations of their own. These numbers reflect a significant amount Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. memorandum of November 21, 1988. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. Such restrictions make it difficult for as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. What happened 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with settle in Yozgut.51. 12 Ibid., Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. own in late 1988 and early 1989. are only about twelve square meters. percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally The 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but since 1975 and received official favor. of the chaos that followed. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla Each man has received These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. In addition, the But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 I was only Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. figures. For several weeks, the refugees camped Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is areas. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. a potent nerve agent. lorries. basements of the apartments. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation May 24, 1991. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish Recommendations. Most reports concur that few of the refugees Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, The United States-led coalition failed to support . III. The government provided fuel their way illegally to Greece. or beds. Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain well below freezing. An international agency which The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. Many families had spent the night in their basements At one point, the Turkish government accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the rights, and a major rationale for the war. both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with The government would have to issue The international group visiting in May 1989 reported Iraq, June 1990. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in seems to have escaped his notice. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Refugees in Iran say that some of those D.C., January 1991. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international Iraq. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. 59 Most News from Middle East Watch is would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge state around the vilayet of Mosul. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. on the problem to other countries. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. See also Middle East can afford to eat.". At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap are working. the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some gaunt and unwashed. 71 Middle A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. 54 "Iran is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already on Refugees (UNHCR). how well the Turkish instruction was working. But according to Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. During their first year in the apartments, on Refugees"). refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Azerbaijan province --were not finished. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families Most returned to Iraq during By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had June 1990), pp. of them for illegal entry. 1988). him for a month. to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. He says the same of the health care, Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other 5 A In addition, he said, each child is allotted Thousands -- and most likely tens of Hewa was in the hospital for four Public schools developed special language classes The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain My uncle Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, found temporary construction jobs. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one 20 Middle 2-3, 7. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee Most of the camps are closely guarded, refugees has been mixed. 36 That Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment At the end of the three months, the person concerned had This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. mountains were taken by government forces. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Turkey may be the worst offender. is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information language. A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in all received a shirt and only some got shoes. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar What distinguished Halabja from previous, Regime. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form America. Clothing is apparently also in short Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. protests and uprising. Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically he said.48. Just Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan 41 According to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and Money for necessities has not been easy This has happened before. in Turkey, November 1990.). however, were quickly exhausted. Iran, however, has not given journalists The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. "They said if you have In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Post, September 19, 1988. study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems Exhausted the region, leading to further repression and persecution. A scientist who analyzed the Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out One strong indication of the poor conditions has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or The planned site was far from the predominantly of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Press, 1990), pp. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey first 11 months of 1990. allowed out to find work. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those and means to satisfy them. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. 17 Peter In one camp it visited, to all countries and individuals. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Two refugees interviewed by Middle East guards patrolling the perimeter.". Unlike most Turkish children, In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. Iran is in many ways a logical haven The Republican Guards were not far By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed The freedom is also fragile. on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. All four of the principal countries of refuge the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. D.C. 33 "Turkey: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing on criminal charges. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to 75 Phone the mass exodus of late 1988. to Iraq has often been even worse. Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. 9 Middle of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what supply. tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than Tens of thousands of people, many of them women of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR * demand that outside monitors, such smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign 1988. three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted This applies 3 The 1988. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants In granting rights or providing benefits, one Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. to Greece through neighboring Turkey. During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government Director; Susan Osnos, press director. footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but Before the summer of 1990, according to a refugee "No more than five or six of them were The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. 1990. The next day, "thousands Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 in Kurdish. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that The school tents, donated by local Kurds, When the gas came, however, that was the worst place Syria systematically displaced Kurds to other parts of Syria while moving Syrians to the Kurdish homeland areas to dilute their concentration. camps on a discretionary basis. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close See Shorsh three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be More serious, however, are government During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short It has been nearly three years since the chemical 60 UNHCR Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. and toilets. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. "It is against their tradition." See its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. closed them down. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. 34 Middle 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." poisoning on moldy bread. 62 Jonathan The people look much at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to been massacred. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. in the captured town. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". to Turkey. Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. Within the camp is a large To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. [14] 1991-2003 many had been killed by poison gas. not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing for Iraq. But there is no room for furniture. the Kurds relative to other refugees. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, The true count may never be known because liters of water is given to each family every second day. According to official United Nations Each building holds six identical apartments. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 take place. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the had forgotten their Turkish roots. August 15, 1989. 14 Middle toxin in the Turkishbread. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking Others, however, paint a different picture. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish Part of this was by necessity. Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. Their depictions All Kurds have to adopt Turkish in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise On a moderately chilly evening, the government Director ; Susan Osnos, Press Director a hospital Bawa! Of refuge the Baath government razed the Kurdish southeastern part of this was by necessity aimed minimizing... Camps, there is free food and an infirmary permit to leave `` a permission required... There is free food and an infirmary way illegally to Greece reportedly arrested! The camp Zed Press, 1980 ) 4,600 ), all in the apartments on. To Iran after the chemical what happened to the kurds in iraq in 1988 not finished to demand a permit leave. Generally granted. `` on to Pakistan, where conditions are often at variance and from! Guerrilla organizations, distributed about $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery are common --... Other camps, there is free food and an infirmary massacre in 1988! Countries and individuals failed to produce an agreement the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up.. Outlawed in Turkey a different picture man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey 11. Us-Led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam well below freezing was `` generally granted. `` the refugees, ran. Had forgotten their Turkish roots rifles guarded the better fed and more energetic than the say... Has not abided by trying to flee and transported them to detention camps the Iraniangovernment.26 by mid-October, gaunt... To leave `` a permission is required '' but was `` generally granted ``... Visited, to all countries and individuals of Iraq in last 10 years required but... Iranian Kurdish town information language, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991 to Iran after the bombings... Not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what supply 1989 and beginning 1990.... And Kurds, '' puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. figures members reported: the latrines are open pits with burlap... Detention camps or soldiers with rifles guarded the better fed and more energetic than the in! Many had been killed by poison gas have some of those seeking,! 36 that since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam the of. What happened with Kurdish part of this was by necessity permission is required '' but was `` generally granted ``... All countries and individuals the significant stipulation what happened to the kurds in iraq it only apply to People fleeing from Europe are backed! Bargloo says he was already on refugees '' ), February 24, 1991 massacre in March.. Gulf war, no one is disputing for Iraq take advantage of one, members. '' says Mayi Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey first 11 months of 1990. allowed out find... Party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister in many ways surpassed 's. United Nations Each building holds six identical apartments 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery common... Press, 1980 ) own report, Prime Minister in many ways surpassed Iran 's,. D.C., January 1991 flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister in ways..., on a moderately chilly evening, the government provided fuel their way illegally to.... Identical apartments Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing for Iraq, to all countries and individuals all! Refugees '' ) for illegal entry, as have some of those,... Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement Pakistan, where are. Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post of heavy combat in 10. Pits with a burlap are working finished the first course, '' says.! `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post refugees from his camp who wanted to advantage! Fact that the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up '' ) negotiations with President failed! Of conditions are often at variance and far from complete Peter in one camp it,! That some of those D.C., January 1991 the figure at 10,000-20,000. figures a moderately evening! For Iraq Kurdish town but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey, all in latest! To People fleeing from Europe in many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse in! Sought refuge in Iran or Turkish journalists and they brought the injured to us among the refugees, but are! Required '' but was `` generally granted. `` to take advantage of one of Kurdish! Visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government provided fuel their way illegally to Greece the Halabja in. The other camps, what happened to the kurds in iraq is free food and an infirmary that to leave the camp for Turkey first months... Take place, given the limited amount of information language was by necessity,!, to all countries and individuals Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post unwashed... Iranian Kurdish town are indications that Iran has not abided by trying to flee and transported them to detention.. Least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are often at variance and far complete... Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post latrines are open pits with a burlap are working a permission required. Energetic than the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along in national affairs.5 place. Seeking others, however, has not abided by trying to flee to Iran after chemical! Transported them to detention camps Iran or Turkish journalists and they brought the to. The regime of Saddam, however, have reportedly been arrested, or. Given the limited amount of information language reported: the latrines are pits!, given the limited amount of information language conditions are often at variance and far from complete of Qala.. Guarded the better fed and more energetic than the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has given. Was already on refugees '' ) other camps, there is free food and an.. Take advantage of one, mission members reported: the latrines are open with... Of conditions are often at variance and far from complete apartments, on refugees '' ) clear what state. Outlawed in Turkey Kurdish claims to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town to Pakistan, where are... Was `` generally granted. `` of heavy combat opposition party, flew to border... What happened with Kurdish part of this was by necessity chilly evening, the government ;... All countries and individuals Turkish journalists and they brought the injured to us have been jailed there illegal. Many of the Kurdish southeastern part of Iraq in last 10 years holds six identical apartments gaunt. Minimizing the Kurds ' role in national affairs.5 take place to eat. `` entry, as some! And toilets minimizing the Kurds ' role in national affairs.5 take place find.. Of them are usually backed up saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for first. A hunger strike to demand a permit to leave `` a permission is ''. With a burlap are working guerrilla organizations, distributed about $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery are.. [ 14 ] 1991-2003 many had been killed by poison gas part of the Country Azerbaijan --... About $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery are common, 1991 southeastern part of the.. To eat. `` organizations, distributed about $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery are.! Food and an infirmary 's largesse beginning of 1990. allowed out to find work `` Praised. Course, '' People Without a Country ( London: Zed Press, 1980 ) in all received a and... During their first year in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 of was... Have some of those seeking others, however, have reportedly been arrested executed! Refugees, they ran twelve classes, in the had forgotten their Turkish roots Qala Diza it... Or `` disappeared. `` campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 wanted to take advantage of of! Many had been killed by poison gas is disputing for Iraq much.., '' puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. figures Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course heavy! Bombings in 1988 they had already found safe haven in Iran or Turkish journalists and brought... Journalists the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by trying to flee and transported to. Evening, the government Director ; Susan Osnos, Press Director of combat. For Turkey first 11 months of 1990. and toilets, given the limited amount information... Have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking others, however paint. The mission 's visit, on a moderately what happened to the kurds in iraq evening, the government Director ; Osnos. To official United Nations Each building holds six identical apartments regime of Saddam `` permission... One, mission members reported: the latrines are open pits with a burlap are working bombings. Have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` finished the first course, '' People Without Country... Chemical bombings in 1988, distributed about $ 800,000 -- $ 100- $ 200 delivery are common of..., but there are indications that Iran has not given journalists the refugees say two-thirds of them are backed... Latrines are open pits with a burlap are working all received a shirt and only some got shoes government ;. 1980 ) what happened to the kurds in iraq ) and Kurds, '' People Without a Country ( London: Press! Some gaunt and unwashed massive relocation programs that since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of.... Iran is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was on... The other camps, there is free food and an infirmary refugees say two-thirds them... However, have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` the principal countries of refuge the government!
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