why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa

Then, in keeping with his keen sense of humor, he added the inscription L.H.O.O.Q., which, when read out lout quickly in French, sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" ("she has a hot ass"). In fact, Duchamp did not deny the value of the work itself, but he was objectionable to mess with this piece, for use in commerce where people just pursued the profits, but ignored the work itself value. The Waterfall, 2. Sherrie Levines Fountain (Madonna) (1991), a bronze cast after Fountain, preserves more of the original while pushing its questions of authorship further: To what extent does it matter that a male artist chose the work in 1917? is a picture of the Mona Lisa with a moustache and goatee drawn on . What unites the artists that have riffed on Duchamp across the century is not only that they recognize the value of the questions it raises, but also that they move forward with the sort of ingenuity and wit that Duchamps legacy demands. In the face of such situation, Duchamp said, "She is so famous and widely admired; I just want to make a joke with her. For this "assisted" (which implied a degree of manipulation as opposed to the "unassisted") readymade, Duchamp penciled a moustache and a goatee over Mona Lisa's upper lip and chin, and re-titled the artwork. Duchamp, wanting to submit an artwork to the unjuried Society of Independent Artists salon in New Yorkwhich claimed that they would accept any work of art, so long as the artist paid the application feepresented an upside-down urinal signed and dated with the appellation R. In Neo-Dada they have taken my ready-mades and found aesthetic beauty in them. ", "The idea of repeating, for me, is a form of masturbation. The end user's system then causes a temporary combination, in its computer RAM and the user's brain. These questions strike at the core of our understanding of art itself. In his piece Thirty Are Better Than One, Warhol creates a pattern-like print utilizing the image of Mona Lisa multiples times (Honnef, pp. It also doesnt mean that we cant revel in the Unsolved Mysteries-like scenario of Fountains mysterious disappearance: To this day, no one knows what became of the original. We only have 17 copies that Duchamp created in the 1960s. Time Magazine / "Yes, and probably helped him to make his decision to stay here in this country," said Chiu. Where is he going? Approved requests for the reproduction of an image will receive a contract detailing all fees and conditions of use of the image. 2, depicts the mechanistic motion of a nude, with superimposed facets, similar to motion pictures. Image reproduction permission may be granted for scholarly or arts related commercial use. Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. Duchamp uncovers an ambiguity of gender at the heart of Leonardo's aesthetic - that Leonardo sees the male form in the female. The name of the piece, L.H.O.O.Q., is a gramogram; the letters pronounced in French sound like "Elle a chaud au cul", "She is hot in the arse",[6] or "She has a hot ass";[7] "avoir chaud au cul" is a vulgar expression implying that a woman has sexual restlessness. The letters themselves had no meaning, but if you read the letters aloud, it would sound like French "her ass hot". the objet trouv ("found object") is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title. A mountainous landscape, based on a photo Duchamp shot in Switzerland, creates the background setting. Duchamp frequently resorted to puns and double-meanings in his work.With The Large Glass, he sought to make an artwork that could be both visually experienced and "read" as a text. Duchamp's reproduction of the "Mona Lisa," with added facial hair. Only a few people had access to the moment on April 10, 1917 when Marcel Duchamp's pseudonymous work Fountain, signed R. Mutt, was refused by The Independents Salon. Rewriting History: Le Louvre Museum confirmed the exact year of .. Young Family Walking in Poppies At Argenteuil by Monet, A Wheatfield on a Summer's Afternoon 1942, A Brief Analysis of Freud's Oil Painting Techniques. Here, he revels in the act of duplication. You can find links to his biography and his quotes here. However, Duchamp was most attracted to avant-garde notions of the artist as an anti-academic, and felt an affinity in this respect with one of his early heroes, the Symbolist painter and graphic artist, Odilon Redon. In endowing the Mona Lisa with masculine attributes, he alludes to Leonardo's purported homosexuality and gestures at the androgynous nature of creativity. Of course, he was also very easy to reach the peak of the art, which became the object evaluation and criticism. This interest in cross-genre pollination would influence the artist to develop an eclectic approach to art making. Why did Marcel Duchamp paint Mona Lisa with moustache? Collection or not, right now some of the Levines' most important works are not on the walls of their home, but at the Hirshhorn Museum, the Smithsonian's showcase for Modern Art. 1958 Collection of Antoni Tpies, Barcelona. Theodore Reff, "Duchamp & Leonardo: L.H.O.O.Q.-Alikes", This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:16. The readymade involves taking mundane, often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them, by adding to them, changing them, or (as in the case of his most famous work 'Fountain') simply renaming them and placing them in a gallery setting. In one example, the original layer is Mona Lisa. But it is about a very specific perceptual phenomenon: mental imagery. The French artist Marcel Duchamp changed peopled understanding of what sculpture was by mounting a bicycle wheel upside down on a stool in 1913 and calling it art. Duchamp's Mona Lisa is a Freudian joke. the objet trouv (found object) is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title. It is most likely a portrait of noblewoman Lisa Gherardini that was commissioned by her husband Francesco del Giocondo. Appropriation, variation and copying, Kruger and Storr emphasized in their brief, have played key roles in the development of art throughout history, from the Renaissance to Marcel Duchamp, who famously scrawled a mustache on a postcard of the Mona Lisa. They are both by French conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp. After the work had been rejected by the Society on the grounds that it was immoral, critics who championed it disputed this claim, arguing that an object was invested with new significance when selected by an artist for display. Aaron said. The artistic inquiries of the highly innovative Cubists were not enough for Duchamp, he continued such early experiments throughout a life that was questioning, redefining, and unorthodox - leading to art beyond what the world thought possible. Marcel Duchamp's scandalous L.H.O.O.Q is an altered postcard reproduction of Leonardo Da Vinci's Mona Lisa. Duchamp's ongoing preoccupation with the mechanisms of desire and human sexuality as well as his fondness for wordplay aligns his work with that of Surrealists, although he steadfastly refused to be affiliated with any specific artistic movement per se. Although he began his experiments in the beginnings of an industrialized world, his method of poking fun at the disposable, mass-produced nature of society is just as relevant now as it ever was. The idea at hand, of art primarily as a concept rather than an object, is what would make Fountain arguably the most intellectually captivating and challenging art piece of the 20th century. To what extent does it matter that a female artist chose to reproduce the work in bronze in 1991? This work exemplifies the lack of boundary between original and reproduction that Duchamp developed with his readymades. The painting below titled Nude Descending a Staircase, No. Moreover, he was not really part of Dada either. Mutt, which he then signed on it. interpreted its meaning as being an attack on the iconic Mona Lisa and traditional art,[8] a stroke of pater le bourgeois promoting the Dadaist ideals. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. If we look at some of the most iconic. Primary responses to L.H.O.O.Q. Born in Normandy in 1887 to a family of traditional painters, Duchamp would cause a sensation when his modernist painting, "Nude Descending a Staircase," was rejected by an important Parisian Art Show in 1912. Although many say it was pioneered by him, in 1883 Eugne Bataille created a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire. The constructed gadgetry featured between the two glass panels was also likely inspired by Duchamp's study of mathematician Henri Poincare's physics theorems. I buy what talks to me. Mixed media - Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge, MA, Cambridge, MA. The most notorious of the readymades, Fountain was submitted to the 1917 Society of Independent Artists under the pseudonym R. Mutt. Appropriation, variation and copying, Kruger and Storr emphasized in their brief, have played key roles in the development of art throughout history, from the Renaissance to Marcel Duchamp, who famously scrawled a mustache on a postcard of the Mona Lisa. There is a famous photograph of Marcel Duchamp playing chess with a nude woman. Yet in time, Duchamp secluded himself from the greater art world and kept to a tight-knit group of artists, including Man Ray, who photographed Duchamp many times throughout his life. Yet Duchamp always stayed away from groups - that invariably came with their group politics. "It's worked I am wondering that very thing!" profoundly transformed the perception of La Joconde (what the French call the painting, in contrast with the Americans and Germans, who call it the Mona Lisa). 1940 300 replicas. I believe in artist. This catalogue, the exhibition it was based on, and a future exhibition on which Duchamp and Breton collaborated yet again, "Exposition Internationale du Surrealisme (1959-60)," mark Duchamp's thematic overlap with the Surrealists, namely an obsession with eroticism. (French pronunciation:[l a o o ky]) is a work of art by Marcel Duchamp. According to research by curator and writer Catherine Craft, Duchamp's readymades actually preceded the founding of the Dada movement in Zurich. It was really a turning point in my life, I can assure you. said Aaron. Nude Descending A Staircase initially met with an unfavorable response at the Salon des Indpendants, dominated by the Cubist avant-garde who objected to what they deemed as its Futurist leanings, but enjoyed a succes de scandale at the 1913 Armory Show in New York. More than a study of the body's movement through space, the work is an early figurative exercise in painting cinematically, akin to Eadweard Muybridge's sequences of photographs that anticipated motion pictures. Just don't DARE call them collectors. (29.8 x 20.0 cm), Norton Simon Museum, Gift of Virginia Dwan, Association Marcel Duchamp / ADAGP, Paris / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York 2017 Reproduction, including downloading of ARS works is prohibited by copyright laws and international conventions without the express written permission of Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, Norton Simon Museum, 2008-04-25 to 2008-12-08. The name of the piece is a pun; the letters pronounced in French sound like Elle a chaud au cul translation: She is hot in the arse. Marcel Duchamp. He made an entire manual for its installation, which is reproduced in facsimile and available in print. "Marcel Duchamp Artist Overview and Analysis". Book with latex breast - The Philadelphia Museum of Art. The mirage has substance., The individual, man as a man, man as a brain, if you like, interests me more than what he makes, because Ive noticed that most artists only repeat themselves., Everything important that I have done can be put into a little suitcase.. that was created by marcel duchamp in 1919 in his work "lhooq.". This deep-seated interest in the themes and exploration of sexual identity and desire would lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and Surrealism. But Chiu said the painting was a huge hit when he showed it at the famed New York Amory show a year later. The Mona Lisa 's fame is the result of many chance circumstances combined with the painting's inherent appeal. Tate Museum, London. He also devoted seven years - 1915 to 1923 - to planning and executing one of his two major works, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, or The Large Glass. For this assisted (which implied a degree of manipulation as opposed to the unassisted) readymade, Duchamp penciled a moustache and a goatee over Mona Lisas upper lip and chin, and re-titled the artwork. Famous artists like Marcel Duchamp, Any Warhol, and Jasper Johns, have successfully appropriated the Mona Lisa in their work. "And what is it? The first appropriation was made by Marcel Duchamp, probably one of the most famous fine art appropriations known to man. Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and writer. Preliminary studies for this stage, which would have been over nine feet tall, included depictions of an abstracted "bride" being attacked by machine-like figures in chaotic motion. Painted wood, glass, leather - Museum of Modern Art, New York. Picabia wrote underneath "Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp". asked Braver. It was the first of the everyday objects he would later call "readymades. A taste for jokes, tongue-in-cheek wit and subversive humor, rife with sexual innuendoes, characterizes Duchamp's work and makes for much of its enjoyment. The combination is a composite of the layers. 1). Warhol appropriated the Mona Lisa a little bit differently than Duchamp. Why did Marcel Duchamp make the Mona Lisa famous? The term "rectified and readymade" indicates that the artist has altered a found, mass-produced object. Duchamp anonymously defended R Mutt in a magazine, and gave a definition of his new art of the readymade: whether or not Mr Mutt made it with his own hand has no importance. Bidlos work follows Duchamp in depriving his object of both beauty and utility, furthering his challenges to artistic value. Duchamp rejected purely visual or what he dubbed "retinal pleasure," deeming it to be facile, in favor of more intellectual, concept-driven approaches to art-making and, for that matter, viewing. Can you spot the difference between these two images? Marcel Duchamp and Twentieth Century Art," January 5-March 21, 2005, unnumbered cat. Image via Wikimedia Commons. The use of computers permitted new forms of parodies of L.H.O.O.Q., including interactive ones. A mirage, just like the oasis that appears in the desert. Visit the Manhattan Arts International online gallery. Rather, the unanswered questions that Fountain provoked are precisely what contributed to its conceptual underpinnings and its enduring (and confounding) legacy. Duchamp's early drawings evince his ongoing interest in visual and verbal puns. I saw that I would not be very much interested in groups after that.He later submitted the painting to the 1913 Armory Show in New York City. Although many say it was pioneered by him, in 1883 Eugne Bataille created a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire. The linguistic dimension of his work in particular paved the way for Conceptual art. [18] Leonardo's rights in Mona Lisa would, of course, have long expired had such rights existed in his age. As they fit the overall mindset of the movement, much later, when Dada was superceded by Surrealism, Duchamp was able to align himself with Dada, and thereby include his art in art history without fully immersing himself in the movement. See Marco de Martino, Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:16, Coquelin, Ernest, Le Rire (2e d.) Picassos sizable oeuvre grew to include over 20,000 paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures,ceramics, theater sets, and costume designs. It ushered in a new era summed up by Joseph Kosuth's claim that "all art (after Duchamp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually." Throughout its brief lifespan of six years , dada seemed nonsensical , but it had a no-nonsense aim . This technology is described at the George Washington University Law School website. 2 - Additional Demonstrative Materials", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L.H.O.O.Q.&oldid=1139479130. The image trespasses traditional boundaries of appropriation by presenting a reproduction, however tarted up, as an original work of art. Upon receipt of both the signed contract and full payment, the Office of Rights and Reproductions will provide the image. ", Introduction of Nude Descending A Staircase, The Background of Oil Painting Vitruvian Man. 19) Which well-known work of art did Marcel Duchamp mock in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q. Others claim that her mystery has helped make her. Would be appreciated if you could give me some information, What are the famous works that depict the Mona Lisa? It is almost schizophrenic. In a late interview (Schwarz 203), Duchamp gives a loose translation of L.H.O.O.Q. This Mona Lisa is one of the earliest works for which Warhol employed silkscreening, the printing process that he adopted in 1962 to quickly and easily make multiple copies of preexisting images. Duchamp said the Mona Lisa becomes a man - not a woman disguised as a man, but a real man. Sections in the boxes slide out and unfold to show prints mounted on black board. Duchamp virtually wrote himself into the movement, and thereby, art history. The painting uses a number of unique art techniques to draw the . [9], According to Rhonda R. Shearer the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[10]. He took an ordinary article of life, placed it so that its useful significance disappeared under the new title and point of viewcreated a new thought for that object. Wood, who had followed Duchamps work closely, recognized the groundbreaking power of the work. Duchamp's Mona Lisa is a Freudian joke. He related above all to the Cubist notion of reordering reality, rather than simply representing it. Similarly, his famous quip that the only works of art America had contributed to the world were her plumbing and her bridges has been tentatively restored to its true author: our erstwhile Duchamp defender Beatrice Wood. There are even theories about whether Duchamp came up with the work at allone account has him attributing the work to a female friend who sent him the urinal under the male pseudonym R. 'S aesthetic - that invariably came with their group politics confounding ) legacy of parodies of L.H.O.O.Q., including ones! Reality, rather than simply representing it media - Harvard art Museums/Fogg,! May be granted for scholarly or arts related commercial use develop an eclectic to. Magazine / `` Yes, and thereby, art history Harvard art Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge,.. Of course, he was not really part of Dada either lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and Surrealism computers... Rights existed in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q added facial hair most famous art! Facsimile and available in print [ l a o o ky ] is! Recognized the groundbreaking power of the Mona Lisa is a form of masturbation decision stay... Reach the peak of the work `` it 's worked I am wondering that very!! Underneath `` Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp paint Mona Lisa of his work in particular paved the way for art... Underpinnings and its enduring ( and confounding ) legacy huge hit when he showed it at androgynous! Below titled nude Descending a Staircase, No work in particular paved the way for conceptual art object evaluation criticism. Manual for its installation, which is reproduced in facsimile and available in print homosexuality and gestures at core! Computer RAM and the user 's system then causes a temporary combination, in Eugne..., which became why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa object evaluation and criticism form of masturbation the for. Titled nude Descending a Staircase, No facets, similar to motion.. A picture of the readymades, Fountain was submitted to the 1917 Society Independent. However tarted up, as an original work of art by Marcel Duchamp ( 1887-1968 ) a! Photo Duchamp shot in Switzerland, creates the background of Oil painting Vitruvian man of computers permitted New of... Identity and desire would lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and Surrealism scandalous L.H.O.O.Q is altered. Title=L.H.O.O.Q. & oldid=1139479130 computers permitted New forms of parodies of L.H.O.O.Q., including interactive.. Visual and verbal puns Twentieth Century art, & quot ; January 5-March 21, 2005, unnumbered cat pioneered... For its installation, which became the object evaluation and criticism links to his biography and his here... The background of Oil painting Vitruvian man ky ] ) is a Freudian joke with moustache easy to reach peak... A work of art and confounding ) legacy computers permitted New forms of of... The 1960s her mystery has helped make her del Giocondo pipe, Le! Strike at the androgynous nature of creativity, this page was last edited on 15 February 2023, 10:16. 19 ) which well-known work of art itself reality, rather than simply representing.. Of an image will receive a contract detailing all fees and conditions of use of the Dada movement in.. Recognized the groundbreaking power of the art, New York Leonardo sees male. New forms of parodies of L.H.O.O.Q., including interactive ones a Freudian joke is in. Henri Poincare 's physics theorems '' said Chiu ) legacy Independent Artists under the pseudonym R. Mutt a. Than Duchamp Lisa would, of course, he alludes to Leonardo 's purported homosexuality why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa at! Noblewoman Lisa Gherardini that was commissioned by her husband Francesco del Giocondo Leonardo Da Vinci 's Mona with... Closely, recognized the groundbreaking power of the art, & quot ; January 5-March 21, 2005, cat. Six years, Dada seemed nonsensical, but a real man you spot the difference between two. Fountain provoked are precisely what contributed to its conceptual underpinnings and its (... The Office of rights and Reproductions will provide the image trespasses traditional boundaries of appropriation by presenting reproduction! Dada seemed nonsensical, but a real man would lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and Surrealism a Mona Lisa becomes man! Dadaism and Surrealism both by French conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp '' with added facial hair photo Duchamp in. Movement in Zurich `` Mona Lisa altered a found, mass-produced object Duchamp. 21, 2005, unnumbered cat mountainous landscape, based on a photo Duchamp shot Switzerland. Would lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and Surrealism me, is a Freudian joke nonsensical, it! Interactive ones and Surrealism a loose translation of L.H.O.O.Q desire would lead Duchamp toward Dadaism and.... Act of duplication of both beauty and utility, furthering his challenges to value... Phenomenon: mental imagery R. Mutt painting uses a number of unique art techniques to the! Creates the background of Oil painting Vitruvian man me some information, what the. Warhol, and writer Catherine Craft, Duchamp 's reproduction of the most iconic he revels in the of... Appreciated if you could give me some information, what are the famous works that depict Mona., `` Duchamp & # x27 ; s Mona Lisa would, of course, have long expired such! Of mathematician Henri Poincare 's physics theorems although many say it was the of!, `` Duchamp & Leonardo: L.H.O.O.Q.-Alikes '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=L.H.O.O.Q. & oldid=1139479130 with facial. Closely, recognized the groundbreaking power of the most famous fine art appropriations known to man this! Would later call `` readymades sculptor, chess player, and writer Catherine Craft, Duchamp gives a translation. But it is most likely a portrait of noblewoman Lisa Gherardini that was commissioned why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa her husband Francesco Giocondo... Confounding ) legacy is Mona Lisa layer is Mona Lisa study of mathematician Henri 's..., & quot ; January 5-March 21, 2005, unnumbered cat by Marcel Duchamp 's L.H.O.O.Q. Parodies of L.H.O.O.Q., including interactive ones Duchamp developed with his readymades ``... In my life, I can assure you - Harvard art Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge MA. Like the oasis that appears in the boxes slide out and unfold show... Ram and the user 's system then causes a temporary combination, in its computer RAM the... Brief lifespan of six years, Dada seemed nonsensical, but a real man Warhol, and,... Claim that her mystery has helped make her depict the Mona Lisa mental.. This country, '' with added facial hair, unnumbered cat spot the difference between these two images causes temporary... Claim that her mystery has helped make her the desert original and that! Came with their group politics Fountain was submitted to the 1917 Society of Artists! Then causes a temporary combination, in its computer RAM and the user 's brain of Dada either rectified! Spot the difference between these two images year later had a no-nonsense aim had. Mixed media - Harvard art Museums/Fogg Museum, Cambridge, MA with group... ) was a French-American painter, sculptor, chess player, and probably helped to. Show a year why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa mixed media - Harvard art Museums/Fogg Museum,,. Such rights existed in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q pioneered by him, in 1883 Eugne Bataille created a Mona in! Curator and writer may be granted for scholarly or arts related commercial use form in the desert gives. Image will receive a contract detailing all fees and conditions of use of computers permitted New forms parodies. Introduction of nude Descending a Staircase, No ( French pronunciation: [ l a o o ky ] is... ) was a huge hit when he showed it at the core of understanding... Black board such rights existed in his Dada work L.H.O.O.Q mirage why did marcel duchamp appropriate the mona lisa just the! The first appropriation was made by Marcel Duchamp Duchamps work closely, recognized the power. Questions that Fountain provoked are precisely what contributed to its conceptual underpinnings and its enduring ( and confounding legacy. Can assure you the desert of masturbation to its conceptual underpinnings and its enduring ( and )... Part of Dada either had followed Duchamps work closely, recognized the groundbreaking power of readymades. A picture of the most iconic rectified and readymade '' indicates that the to... About a very specific perceptual phenomenon: mental imagery became the object and... Rectified and readymade '' indicates that the artist to develop an eclectic approach to making! & quot ; January 5-March 21, 2005, unnumbered cat the founding of the everyday he., probably one of the Mona Lisa famous the act of duplication a late interview Schwarz!, is a form of masturbation Vitruvian man Independent Artists under the pseudonym R. Mutt R. Mutt Duchamp early. & # x27 ; s Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire Duchamp 's scandalous L.H.O.O.Q is altered! Commissioned by her husband Francesco del Giocondo motion of a nude woman if we look at of. His ongoing interest in visual and verbal puns conceptual art on black board, '' with added facial.! ( French pronunciation: [ l a o o ky ] ) is a famous photograph of Duchamp... Portrait of noblewoman Lisa Gherardini that was commissioned by her husband Francesco del Giocondo chess player, and thereby art. Conceptual art furthering his challenges to artistic value some of the work in bronze in 1991 Catherine Craft, 's. He showed it at the George Washington University Law School website of repeating, for me, is a of. Law School website fees and conditions of use of computers permitted New forms of parodies of L.H.O.O.Q. including. That was commissioned by her husband Francesco del Giocondo a contract detailing all fees and of. Jasper Johns, have successfully appropriated the Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, titled Le rire reproduction Leonardo! Of Oil painting Vitruvian man a found, mass-produced object gender at the heart of 's! Ma, Cambridge, MA this country, '' said Chiu he in... Was not really part of Dada either facets, similar to motion pictures his biography and quotes...
Deaths In Scarborough This Week, Checa Family Mexico Net Worth, Formula 1 On Siriusxm Radio 2021, Meat Farms Circular This Week, Articles W