[14] Itten was heavily influenced in his teaching by the ideas of Franz Cižek and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. In 1928, the Hungarian painter Alexander Bortnyik founded a school of design in Budapest called Miihely (also "Muhely"[31] or "Mugely"[32]), which means "the studio". Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the world. When it gained control of the Dessau city council, it moved to close the school. In their first year, students learnt the basic elements and principles of design and colour theory, and experimented with a range of materials and processes. [42] In 1979 Bauhaus-Dessau College started to organize postgraduate programs with participants from all over the world. However, the most important influence on Bauhaus was modernism, a cultural movement whose origins lay as early as the 1880s, and which had already made its presence felt in Germany before the World War, despite the prevailing conservatism. The Harvard School was enormously influential in America in the late 1920s and early 1930s, producing such students as Philip Johnson, I. M. Pei, Lawrence Halprin and Paul Rudolph, among many others. Zum Rundgang gehört neben dem Besuch des heutigen Hauptgebäudes der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auch die, auf Initiative des belgischen Architekten Henry van de Velde, begründete Großherzoglich-Sächsische Kunstgewerbeschule Weimar sowie das Tempelherrenhaus, gelegen im … Organic Cotton. [47][48] Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition at the Berlinische Galerie (6 September 2019 to 27 January 2020) presents 1,000 original artefacts from the Bauhaus-Archiv's collection and recounts the history behind the objects.[49]. 5 out of 5 stars (703) 703 reviews. The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in Western Europe, Canada, the United States and Israel in the decades following its demise, as many of the artists involved fled, or were exiled by the Nazi regime. The school closed in 1968, but the "Ulm Model" concept continues to influence international design education. Although the school was closed, the staff continued to spread its idealistic precepts as they left Germany and emigrated all over the world.[4]. Partner Schools. Master’s degree programmes. But Meyer also generated a great deal of conflict. Therefore, designers were needed and so was a new type of art education. When Hitler's chief engineer, Fritz Todt, began opening the new autobahn (highways) in 1935, many of the bridges and service stations were "bold examples of modernism"—among those submitting designs was Mies van der Rohe.[27]. The Klassik Stiftung Weimar has … Meyer's approach was to research users' needs and scientifically develop the design solution. [10] The second Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer attempted to organise an exchange between the two schools, while Hinnerk Scheper of the Bauhaus collaborated with various Vkhutein members on the use of colour in architecture. Utopia for sale : the Bauhaus and Weimar Germany's consumer culture / Frederic J. Schwartz; 7. Established in 1860 as the Great Ducal Saxon Art School, it gained collegiate status on 3 June 1910. 6 2019 // Through the strong German-speaking minority and its active work in the creation and mediation of culture in the spirit of modernity, the application of Bauhaus formal language, especially in the first phase of Brazilian modernity, has played a considerable role. Architecture, building, and the Bauhaus / Wallis Miller, 5. The school turned its first profit under his leadership in 1929. The school existed in three German cities—Weimar, from 1919 to 1925; Dessau, from 1925 to 1932; and Berlin, from 1932 to 1933—under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928; Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930; and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi regime, having been painted as a centre of communist intellectualism. [2] The Bauhaus movement had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography. The German national designers' organization Deutscher Werkbund was formed in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius to harness the new potentials of mass production, with a mind towards preserving Germany's economic competitiveness with England. (dpa) - The staircase of the main building of the Bauhaus University in Weimar reminds of a snail-shell or a spiral, 10 December 1996. A portrait of the three Weimar-based Bauhaus Agents, Maxie Götze, Valerie Stephani and Johannes Siebler. He prevented the formation of a student communist cell, and in the increasingly dangerous political atmosphere, this became a threat to the existence of the Dessau school. The school's philosophy stated that the artist should be trained to work with the industry.[18][19]. Celebrate 100 years of bauhaus with us.The one & only after race party kicks off on april 28 at 8 p.m. In Weimar we are also lucky to have the first example of Bauhaus architecture, the House Am Horn, which has belonged to the Bauhaus World Heritage sites in Weimar since 1996. Tel Aviv in 2004 was named to the list of world heritage sites by the UN due to its abundance of Bauhaus architecture;[29][30] it had some 4,000 Bauhaus buildings erected from 1933 onwards. Das Bauhaus, ein Mythos in Büchern Vor 100 Jahren, im April 1919, öffnete das neugegründete Staatliche Bauhaus in Weimar seine Türen. Maik Anderka and Benno Stein. The ceramic wing of the Weimar Bauhaus university was established in the stables of the Dornburg castle. The school in Weimar experienced political pressure from conservative circles in Thuringian politics, increasingly so after 1923 as political tension rose. In 1919 the school was renamed Bauhaus by its new director Walter Gropius and it received its present name in 1996. . Discovery-Service der Bibliothek der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Bauhaus Gifts from Spreadshirt Unique designs Easy 30 day return policy Shop Bauhaus Gifts now! Where? According to Elaine Hoffman, Gropius had approached the Dutch architect Mart Stam to run the newly founded architecture program, and when Stam declined the position, Gropius turned to Stam's friend and colleague in the ABC group, Hannes Meyer. After Germany's defeat in World War I and the establishment of the Weimar Republic, a renewed liberal spirit allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts, which had been suppressed by the old regime. In 1953, Max Bill, together with Inge Aicher-Scholl and Otl Aicher, founded the Ulm School of Design (German: Hochschule für Gestaltung – HfG Ulm) in Ulm, Germany, a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus. After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, a school of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar. Even before the Nazis came to power, political pressure on Bauhaus had increased. The creation of a 100 years of bauhaus marathon in Weimar on April 28, 2019 is designed to pay tribute to that idea. Meyer favoured measurements and calculations in his presentations to clients, along with the use of off-the-shelf architectural components to reduce costs. The Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 and new facilities there were inaugurated in late 1926. One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology, and this approach was incorporated into the curriculum of the Bauhaus. The school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar on 1 April 1919,[11] as a merger of the Grand-Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Art and the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts for a newly affiliated architecture department. Sizes. He designed consumer products, standardized parts, created clean-lined designs for the company's graphics, developed a consistent corporate identity, built the modernist landmark AEG Turbine Factory, and made full use of newly developed materials such as poured concrete and exposed steel. I april 1919 grundlagde en kreds af arkitekter, kunstnere og kunsthåndværkere med Walter Gropius som ledende skikkelse BAUHAUS-skolen i Weimar i Tyskland. In the late 1930s, Mies van der Rohe re-settled in Chicago, enjoyed the sponsorship of the influential Philip Johnson, and became one of the pre-eminent architects in the world. Weimar – Goethe und Schiller – Bauhaus und Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar: Auf der Spuren der Deutschen Klassik Weimar – der auf Spurensuche nach dach deutscher Kulturgeschichte. The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns, well-attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate, films, and sometimes fierce public debate. The influence of German Expressionism favoured by Itten was analogous in some ways to the fine arts side of the ongoing debate. 9. A tumultuous year at the Bauhaus, 1922 also saw the move of Dutch painter Theo van Doesburg to Weimar to promote De Stijl ("The Style"), and a visit to the Bauhaus by Russian Constructivist artist and architect El Lissitzky. From shop NoblePosters. They also responded to the promise of a "minimal dwelling" written into the new Weimar Constitution. In the next two years under Meyer, the architectural focus shifted away from aesthetics and towards functionality. However, shortly after receiving a letter permitting the opening of the Bauhaus, Mies and the other faculty agreed to voluntarily shut down the school[when?].[25]. Behrens was a founding member of the Werkbund, and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period. From shop NoblePosters. Eine kleine Schar von Studierenden folgte damals dem Aufruf des Architekten und ersten Bauhausdirektors Walter Gropius, der in seinem Gründungs-Manifest voller Pathos die neue Schule zu einem kollektiven Erlösungsversprechen erhoben hatte. The most profitable product of the Bauhaus was its wallpaper. From shop NoblePosters. Beginning in June 1907, Peter Behrens' pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale. Bauhaus theater of human dolls / Juliet Koss, 6. It was grounded in the idea of creating a Gesamtkunstwerk ("comprehensive artwork") in which all the arts would eventually be brought together. Swiss painter Johannes Itten, German-American painter Lyonel Feininger, and German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, along with Gropius, comprised the faculty of the Bauhaus in 1919. To these ends, Gropius wanted to reunite art and craft to arrive at high-end functional products with artistic merit. The Bauhaus buildings in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau are fundamental representatives of Classical Modernism, directed towards a radical renewal of architecture and design. Indeed, a number of communist students loyal to Meyer moved to the Soviet Union when he was fired in 1930. After Germany's defeat in World War I and the establishment of the Weimar Republic, a renewed liberal spirit allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts, which had been suppressed by the old regime.Many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Other information. In CLEF 2012 Evaluation Labs and Workshop – Working Notes Papers (CLEF 2012), Rome, Italy, … The Bauhaus Agents are working together with pupils and teachers from nine schools in Weimar, the Weimarer Land, and Erfurt. Colors. The popular conception of the Bauhaus as the source of extensive Weimar-era working housing is not accurate. Master's thesis, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Fakultät Medien, Computer Science and Media, November 2019. “It was taking over not only the buildings but the legacy,” notes Barry Bergdoll, professor of art history at Columbia University and former architecture and design curator at MoMA , which staged a sweeping retrospective in 2009. Anna Amalia had the 'Green Palace' turned into a library comprising a unique combination of books, an art collection and architecture. Weaving demo at Margaretha Reichardt’s workshop near Erfurt. Ny sekoly ny ankehitriny indray dia tamin'ny taona 1993. Despite the Bauhaus’s origins in Weimar, it took decades for the school to have its own museum here. Gropius's neologism Bauhaus references both building and the Bauhütte, a premodern guild of stonemasons. [21][22] At this point it had already been looking for alternative sources of funding. Water Bottles. Bauhaus in Cold War Germany / Greg Castillo. (1975). Mouse Pads. [Volker Wahl;] Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), Michael Baumgartner and Josef Helfenstein. From isolationism to internationalism : American acceptance of the Bauhaus / Kathleen James-Chakraborty; 9. 105-112 (predavanje, međunarodna recenzija, cjeloviti rad (in extenso), znanstveni) Naslov Seismic response of short columns affected by … The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. It was the Bauhaus contemporaries Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig and particularly Ernst May, as the city architects of Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt respectively, who are rightfully credited with the thousands of socially progressive housing units built in Weimar Germany. Socks. Weimar is located in eastern Germany, in the former socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR), which initially considered the Bauhaus decadent and bourgeois. The 1911 art nouveau building by Henry van der Velde was declared a Unesco World Heritage Site in 1996. The design innovations commonly associated with Gropius and the Bauhaus—the radically simplified forms, the rationality and functionality, and the idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit—were already partly developed in Germany before the Bauhaus was founded. Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes, "1923: The Bauhaus … holds its first public exhibition in Weimar, Germany", "White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement", "Interview with Mathias Schwartz-Clauss, Boisbuchet´s director and program curator", "UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 14 September 2009", "100 years Bauhaus: the opening festival", "Bauhaus in pictures: The architects exiled by Nazis", "Original Bauhaus, The Centenary Exhibition", "Germany celebrates the Bauhaus Centenary", "Fostinum: Photographs and art from the Bauhaus", "Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus student work, 1919–1933", "Finding Aid for archive of Bauhaus typography collection, 1919–1937", Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau, Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg, Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl, Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen, Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura, Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauhaus&oldid=995622602, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Google honored Bauhaus for its 100th anniversary on 12 April 2019 with a, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 01:07. Only in the 1960 and 1970s did the reception of the Bauhaus begin to change in East Germany, when the Bauhaus building … 5 out of 5 stars (628) 628 reviews. Such influences can be overstated: Gropius did not share these radical views, and said that Bauhaus was entirely apolitical. By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor, and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theatre workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky. The Bauhaus’s history as told in Bauhaus Culture: From Weimar to the Cold War is captivating and sobering. CAD$ CAD$ Surface. [20] The Ministry of Education placed the staff on six-month contracts and cut the school's funding in half. Dessau mayor Fritz Hesse fired him in the summer of 1930. At 10 p.m., DJ Himi Jendrix takes over the stage and drops sick beats. There were major commissions: one from the city of Dessau for five tightly designed "Laubenganghäuser" (apartment buildings with balcony access), which are still in use today, and another for the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin. [13] When van de Velde was forced to resign in 1915 because he was Belgian, he suggested Gropius, Hermann Obrist, and August Endell as possible successors. He was also influenced in respect to aesthetics by the work of the Der Blaue Reiter group in Munich, as well as the work of Austrian Expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. The White City (Hebrew: העיר הלבנה‎, Ha-Ir ha-Levana) refers to a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in the Bauhaus or International Style in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. [1] The school became famous for its approach to design, which attempted to unify the principles of mass production with individual artistic vision and strove to combine aesthetics with everyday function.[1]. The housing Taut built in south-west Berlin during the 1920s, close to the U-Bahn stop Onkel Toms Hütte, is still occupied. [33] Located on the seventh floor of a house on Nagymezo Street,[33] it was meant to be the Hungarian equivalent to the Bauhaus. Ernst May, Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, among others, built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin. Das Bauhaus Kommt Aus Weimar. There’s a park beside the new museum that was created for the public in the 1920s. Aufgrund der Beschlüsse, die die Bundeskanzlerin gemeinsam mit den Ministerpräsidentinnen und -präsidenten der Länder am 13.12.2020 getroffen hat, hat die Bauhaus-Universität Weimar entschieden, dass die Universitätsbibliothek im Zeitraum vom 16.12.2020 … Weimar was in the German state of Thuringia, and the Bauhaus school received state support from the Social Democrat-controlled Thuringian state government. Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1,870 members (by 1914). In 1933, the Gestapo closed down the Berlin school. 95-101 Walter Gropius, der Gründer, machte es sich zum Ziel, gutes Design mit dem Einsatz von Maschinen zur Produktfertigung und mit der Einführung neuartiger Materialien zu verbinden. Erika Patricia Garcés Fernández. In the Footsteps of the Bauhaus // Its Reception and Impact on Brazilian Modernity // Article // May. Admission? Bib Necklaces Tassel Necklaces All Necklaces Stackable Rings Statement Rings Bands Signet Rings ... Weimar 1923, Bauhaus Exhibition print, Herbert Bayer, Bauhaus Print, Walter gropius, Bauhaus Architecture NoblePosters. Later evaluation of the Bauhaus design credo was critical of its flawed recognition of the human element, an acknowledgment of "the dated, unattractive aspects of the Bauhaus as a projection of utopia marked by mechanistic views of human nature…Home hygiene without home atmosphere. For example, the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it. L'Atelier d'art abstrait et le "modèle-Bauhaus", 1950–1953", in: Martin Schieder, Isabelle Ewig. From metaphysics to material culture : painting and photography at the Bauhaus / Rose-Carol Washton Long, 4. Since the Weimar Republic lacked the number of raw materials available to the United States and Great Britain, it had to rely on the proficiency of a skilled labour force and an ability to export innovative and high-quality goods. Start . However, past research shows that this can lead to inaccurate predictions of system`s behaviour. Preservation, documentation, and exhibitions have brought attention to Tel Aviv's collection of 1930s architecture. As opposed to Gropius's "study of essentials", and Meyer's research into user requirements, Mies advocated a "spatial implementation of intellectual decisions", which effectively meant an adoption of his own aesthetics. From isolationism to internationalism : American acceptance of the Bauhaus / Kathleen James-Chakraborty; 9. Moholy-Nagy also went to Chicago and founded the New Bauhaus school under the sponsorship of industrialist and philanthropist Walter Paepcke. Bauhaus architecture in the Third Reich / Winfried Nerdinger; 8. [38], The influence of the Bauhaus on design education was significant. The founder of the school, Phyllis Shillito, which opened in 1962 and closed in 1980, firmly believed that "A student who has mastered the basic principles of design, can design anything from a dress to a kitchen stove".[41]. Even today, Bauhaus design shapes our everyday life. Stickers. Pillow Cases. His style in architecture and consumer goods was to be functional, cheap and consistent with mass production. It was erected in 1923 on the occasion of the first, now legendary Bauhaus exhibition just outside of the large central park in Weimar. Architecture, Buildings, and the Bauhaus 63-89 Miller W. Weimar: workshops or laboratories, pp. Lunch Boxes. Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Instagramm; Offizieller Account der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar auf Vimeo; Studies Bachelor´s degree programmes. By 1931, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) was becoming more influential in German politics. [23] During the Dessau years, there was a remarkable change in direction for the school. [7] Both schools were state-sponsored initiatives to merge traditional craft with modern technology, with a basic course in aesthetic principles, courses in color theory, industrial design, and architecture. The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius as the Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar (State Bauhaus in Weimar), after a merger of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts (Grossherzogliche Kunstgewerbeschule) and the Weimar Academy of Fine Arts (Grossherzogliche Hochschule für Bildende Kunst). The Bauhaus-Universität Weimar is a university located in Weimar, Germany, and specializes in the artistic and technical fields.Established in 1860 as the Great Ducal Saxon Art School, it gained collegiate status on 3 June 1910. (Eds.). Bib Necklaces Tassel Necklaces All Necklaces ... Bauhaus Weimar Austellung poster, Weimar 1923, Bauhaus Exhibition print, Herbert Bayer, Bauhaus Print, Walter gropius, Bauhaus Architecture NoblePosters. Utopia for sale : the Bauhaus and Weimar Germany's consumer culture / Frederic J. Schwartz; 7. Price range. Its first year foundational course mimicked the Vorkurs and focused on the elements and principles of design plus colour theory and application. The structure of the Bauhaus Vorkurs (preliminary course) reflected a pragmatic approach to integrating theory and application. He halted the school's manufacture of goods so that the school could focus on teaching, and appointed no new faculty other than his close confidant Lilly Reich. The Bauhaus was founded by architect Walter Gropius in Weimar. Get to know more about our bachelor's degree programmes. Many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. In design, the contribution of the masonry infill wall to shear resistance of the infilled frame structural system is often neglected. Format. This condition was met in 1923 with the Bauhaus' exhibition of the experimental Haus am Horn. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, modernist architecture and art, design, and architectural education. An entire group of working architects, including Erich Mendelsohn, Bruno Taut and Hans Poelzig, turned away from fanciful experimentation, and turned toward rational, functional, sometimes standardized building. Klassik Stiftung. Although neither the Nazi Party nor Adolf Hitler had a cohesive architectural policy before they came to power in 1933, Nazi writers like Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg had already labelled the Bauhaus "un-German" and criticized its modernist styles, deliberately generating public controversy over issues like flat roofs. [16], Gropius was not necessarily against Expressionism, and in fact, himself in the same 1919 pamphlet proclaiming this "new guild of craftsmen, without the class snobbery", described "painting and sculpture rising to heaven out of the hands of a million craftsmen, the crystal symbol of the new faith of the future." Bayer, H., Gropius, W., & Gropius, I. 5 out of 5 stars (703) 703 reviews. "[43], Subsequent examples which have continued the philosophy of the Bauhaus include Black Mountain College, Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm and Domaine de Boisbuchet.[44]. The physical plant at Dessau survived World War II and was operated as a design school with some architectural facilities by the German Democratic Republic. Das Bauhaus kommt aus Weimar MLA Ackermann, Ute, and Ulrike Bestgen. She was a Bauhaus student who worked on the fabric for Marcel Breuer’s tube chair. The Bauhaus issued a magazine called Bauhaus and a series of books called "Bauhausbücher". Ny teny hoe ... Ny sekoly ny Weimar dia ny Weimar Repoblika sy ny maha-fanjakana ny sekoly dia amin'ny lehibe fiankinan-doha amin'ny governemanta. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as "an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century. Bauhaus in Cold War Germany / Greg Castillo. Auf den Spuren der Meister: Die Lebensstationen einiger Bauhaus-Protagonisten stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Führung. Henry van de Velde and Walter Gropius : between avoidance and imitation / Kathleen James-Chakraborty, 3. [24] The Dessau city council attempted to convince Gropius to return as head of the school, but Gropius instead suggested Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Get this from a library! Dem Hochschulbibliothekszentrum Weimar (HBZ), bestehend aus der Bauhaus-Uni und der HfM Weimar, stehen 2018 für die Finanzierung von Open-Access-Publikationen rund 17.000 Euro zur Verfügung. Herbert Bayer, sponsored by Paepcke, moved to Aspen, Colorado in support of Paepcke's Aspen projects at the Aspen Institute. [a] The simple engineering-oriented functionalism of stripped-down modernism, however, did lead to some Bauhaus influences living on in Nazi Germany. Meyer became director when Gropius resigned in February 1928,[1] and brought the Bauhaus its two most significant building commissions, both of which still exist: five apartment buildings in the city of Dessau, and the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB Trade Union School) in Bernau bei Berlin.