2.1.16: celeritas reditionis). Difficile est autem quod Aspendius citharista faciebat: ut non uteretur cantu utraque manu, sed omnia, id est universam cantionem, intus et sinistra tantum manu complecteretur. The Verrines are full of magnificent passages that illustrate Cicero at his best: as a superb raconteur who generates a gripping story out of precious few facts; as a heavy-hitting cross-examiner who lays into his adversaries with a remorseless flurry of rhetorical questions; as a master in the projection or portrayal of character (so-called ethos or ethopoiea) and the manipulation of emotions (so-called pathos); and, not least, as a creative individual gifted with an impish imagination who knows how to entertain. Cicero, at any rate, typically characterized his audience as being more knowledgeable than it most likely was. In his account of what happened at Lampsacus and the aftermath (the trial and execution of Philodamus and his son) Verres is presented as the mastermind behind the scene, first by plotting sexual assault, then by trying to cover up his guilt. Is it the rational force of the better argument? If one only reads an excerpt from this speech, it is easy to forget that Verres was not – nor had ever been – on trial for any of his actions as legate. Likewise, there was the prospect of a more favourable jury (that is, one more liable to corruption) since several of the chosen jury members were due to leave Rome in 69 BC to take up offices, ruling them out of jury duty.12 At one point, when it looked as if the ploy were to succeed, a third brother, L. Caecilius Metellus, who had taken over the governorship of Sicily from Verres as pro-praetor, tried to intimidate the Sicilians against giving testimony against Verres, boasting somewhat prematurely that Verres’ acquittal was certain and that it was in the Sicilians’ own interest not to cause difficulties. In the light of this observation, Cicero seems to be cracking a complex joke here: in addition to the analogy between the ‘hiding away’ performed by the statue and by Verres (the former shielding his playing of music from the audience, the latter concealing his plunder from public viewing), the statue itself is proverbially associated with thievery, which means that Verres imitates and outdoes his looted artwork. And several ancient authors comment on the remarkable irony that Cicero and Verres died in the same year, proscribed by the same man – the former for his tongue, the latter for his art collection.8 A bare skeleton of their respective careers in the form of a table would look something like this: 10When the Sicilians turned to Rome for help against the plundering and extortion perpetrated by Verres, Cicero was a natural point of contact: he had been quaestor in Sicily only a few years earlier, knew the province well, had close ties with various leading locals, and saw himself as their patron.10 He agreed to act as the Sicilians’ legal representative, in what shaped up as a case for one of Rome’s ‛standing courts’, the so-called quaestio de repetundis.11 Because Roman officials enjoyed immunity from prosecution during their time in office, the trial could not start before Verres’ period as pro-magistrate finished at the end of 71 BC. 2 Cicero, In Verrem II. For details, see Vasaly, A. (1980), ’Patronage and Politics in the Verrines’, Chiron 10, 273-89 (280 n. 44). [53] Aspendum vetus oppidum etnobile in Pamphylia scitisesse, plenissimum signorumoptimorum.You know that Aspendus is an ancientand noble town in Pamphylia, ve… This nuance, however, which Cicero does not explicitly emphasize in the text itself, would only have been apparent to those members of Cicero’s audience familiar with the Greek proverb, and it is by no means certain that all (or any) of them were (see also next note, de quo saepe audistis). Non dicam illinc hoc signum ablatum esse et illud. Adresse : 40 Devonshire Road CB1 2BL Cambridge United Kingdom. Oppidum est : in in, on, at; in accordance with/regard to/the case of; within in, auf, nach, an, gegen dans, sur, à, conformément à l'/ ce qui concerne les / le cas d'; dans in, su, su, in conformità con / per quanto riguarda / il caso di; all'interno en, sobre, en; de conformidad con / respecto a / el caso de, dentro de 32 A vast subject. Such commissions could be either ad hoc or permanent (‛standing’). Section 3 outlines the main modes of persuasion in (ancient) rhetoric and briefly indicates how Cicero applies them in our passage. 21 From among the large number of books on ancient rhetoric available, I recommend Habinek, T. (2005), Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory, Malden, Mass., as both stimulating and concise. Reden gegen Verres 1 (actio prima)In Verrem I Übersetzung 1,1 • 1,2 • 1,3 • 1,13 • 1,14 • 1,32 • 1,33 5428 (A. D. 1470): non modo Romae sed et (etiam Halm) apud ext. It would have been Cicero’s practice in any case to work up extensive written notes for a speech before its oral delivery – which of course does not mean that he read from a script in court – and he most likely had his contribution to the actio secunda more or less ready to go by the time the trial began.18. artificio art/craft/trade; skill/talent/craftsmanship; art work; method/trick; technology. It covers a series of lurid incidents from an early stage of Verres’ career, which, so Cicero argues, all originated in the defendant’s insatiable lust for two primary sources of pleasure: art and sex. His return to the status of privatus (‛an individual not holding public office’) set in motion the following procedural steps: postulatio (c. 10 January 70): in early January of 70, Cicero applied to the praetor presiding over the extortion court, Manlius Acilius Glabrio, for permission to prosecute Verres (postulatio).divinatio (c. 20 January 70): no doubt at the instigation of Verres or his advocate Hortensius Verres’ quaestor Q. Caecilius Niger also applied for the leave to prosecute; such rival requests entailed the need for a so-called divinatio, which consisted of a hearing before a jury presided over by the praetor at which the rival parties staked their claims. Political Speeches: A New Translation, Oxford, 3-12, and Lintott, A. Some cite the five speeches designed for the second actio as 2Ver. vetus: Cicero may allude to Greek traditions according to which the city was founded by ‘the Argives’, perhaps in the aftermath of the Trojan war. Examples of minor characters include envoys (legati) from Asia and Achaia (§ 59), Ianitor, Verres’ host in Lampsacus (§§ 63-4), the Roman citizens who were in Lampsacus for business reasons (§ 69), the Roman creditors of the Greeks (§ 73), one of whom acts as accuser of Philodamus (§ 74), and the praefecti and tribuni militares of Dolabella (§ 73). Politics and Administration, London and New York, 70-96 and 206-12. intus canere: as discussed above, the expression refers to a technique of playing only that side of the cithara which is turned away from the audience: Cicero quips that Verres has outdone the activity represented by the statue by hiding it away in the innermost part of his house. At various places in the Verrines, he boasts about the speed with which he marshalled evidence. 24While Rome stood in contact with the wider, Greek-dominated world of the Mediterranean from early on (witness the legend of Aeneas arriving in Italy after the destruction of Troy, as preliminary step towards the foundation of the city), it had no military presence in the Greek East until the end of the third century BC. But what the cithara-player of Aspendos is wont to do is difficult: for he does not use both hands in a performance, but does everything, that is, the entire performance, ‘inside’ and with the left hand only. In G. Verrem actio secunda: Liber Primus - De praetura urbana: L'orador, abans d'abordar l'estada de Verres a Sicília, desitja recordar les actuacions públiques anteriors de l'acusat, des de la seva qüestura i legació a Àsia fins a la seva pretura a Roma, per demostrar que el menyspreu a les lleis, la cobdícia i la immoralitat van ser una constant de la seva carrera política. We encounter: 29In addition to provincial governors and their staff, Cicero also mentions Romans who had come to Asia independently to pursue business interests. Section 2 takes a look at the circumstances of the trial and situates the chosen passage within the corpus as a whole. Many, but by no means all, cases that came before the quaestio de repetundis involved the exploitation of provincial subjects by Roman magistrates. How does geopolitical space feature in this paragraph? Soon after the first hearing (actio prima), Verres withdrew into voluntary exile; he was found guilty in absentia without the need for a second hearing (actio secunda). Still, it bears stressing that in the form we have them they are indistinguishable from the written versions of those speeches he actually delivered. ; 63: indices; 71: potestis dnbitare...? ‛By chance’ (casu), a great number of embassies from the towns Verres had ravaged happened to be in Rome at the time, and Cicero describes heart-wrenching scenes of Greek ambassadors setting eyes on long lost treasures, often statues of gods and goddesses of profound religious value and significance, breaking down on the spot, in public, in worship and tears. plenissimum: Cicero is very fond of ‘extreme’ expressions, such as superlatives (as here; see also optimorum and intimis) or adjectives that articulate extremes or a sense of totality, such as nullus and omnis (which in this paragraph alone occurs three times): see next note. I was asked by the publisher if I’d review the book for The Classics Library.. This is followed by an account of the infamous episode at Lampsacus, which revolves around an unsuccessful attempt to abduct and rape a local woman that resulted in the death of a Roman official, provincials pushed to the brink of rioting, and judicial murder. ), Cicero the Advocate, Oxford, 187-213. Scholars have debated, more or less inconclusively, whether and, if so, to what degree Cicero revised speeches after delivery before circulating them in written form. The passage under discussion here is no exception. Two of the best are Berry, D. H. (2006), Cicero. None of this mattered: at the actual trial, Cicero triumphed resoundingly by out-witting, out-preparing, and out-talking the opposition. Ingo Gildenhard, Marcus Tullius Cicero. (2008), Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Commentary, Oxford, 15-9. The Latin Text of Cicero, in Verrem 2.1, can also be found online at: The Latin Library This is a plain text version, without an indication of the edition used. Pamphȳlia, -ae, [Παμφῡλία], f., Pamphȳlia, a narrow country on the south coast of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Cilicia, on the north by Pisidia, and on the west by Lycia. Jahrhundert n. In contrast to many modern institutions where the administrative staff is permanently employed and remains in post, regardless of which official is elected, governance and administration in republican Rome were non-bureaucratic, with a high level of personal involvement by the appointed magistrate in all affairs. When all is said and done, so Cicero claims repeatedly, Verres is unable to explain why what occurred did occur. Vincenzo Giustiniani, who in … In Verrem ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily.The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, paved the way for Cicero's public career. 3The orations are brilliant models of eloquence (as well as spin) by arguably the supreme prose stylist ever to write in Latin. Book Description: Looting, despoiling temples, attempted rape and judicial murder: these are just some of the themes of this classic piece of writing by one of the world’s greatest orators. 14 The speech of Hortensius that Quintilian read (Institutio Oratoria 10.1.23) might have been ’a mere literary composition’ or the one he ’delivered at the litis aestimatio, after Verres’ condemnation in absence’: Brunt, P. A. The problem is of course less acute when we imagine the context of reception to be not an oral performance during a public trial, but a private reading session at a villa: in that case, any reader unfamiliar with the proverb and interested in ascertaining its wider significance could have found out by quizzing one of his learned Greek slaves. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA  17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493. Graecus, -a, -um, [Γραϊκός], adj., of the Greeks, Grecian, Greek. Merci, nous transmettrons rapidement votre demande à votre bibliothèque. The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Berkeley. 37 Brunt, P. A. For each province, a lex provinciae defined the rights and obligations that the otherwise by and large self-governing civic communities (civitates) within a province had towards Rome. ; 72: andite, qnaeso, indices et... miseremini... et ostendite...! 11 See below Section 5: The Roman extortion court. The staff included fairly high-ranking Romans with ambitions of entering the cursus honorum, that is, a political career involving magistracies and military commands. True, consistency of character was an important argument in Roman law courts – anyone who could be shown to have a criminal record was considered more likely to have perpetrated the crime for which he was on trial, whereas an unblemished past could be marshalled in support of a plea of innocence. 29 For a spectacular biography of a spectacular subject, see Mayor, A. The senatorial monopoly of criminal jurisdiction was terminated.’37 Cicero obliquely links the case at hand to this imminent judicial reform, thereby putting his individual stamp on a watershed-year in Roman history. In a society that placed a premium on esteem for magistrates, this would have meant a powerful boost to Verres’ cause. 2 etc. In the context of the Verrines, the opportunity of inventing his facts was particularly available when Cicero covered the early stages of Verres’ career, which he did in in Verrem 2.1. 2.2-5 with the fourth. 10 Brunt, P. A. 24 On ethopoiea: Gildenhard (2011) 20-22 with much further bibliography. See also Kennedy, G. (1994), A New History of Classical Rhetoric, Princeton; and, for the afterlife of ancient rhetoric, Kennedy, G. (1980), Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times, Chapel Hill. My name is Fadil Nohur, a.k.a. Aspendum vetus oppidum et nōbile in Pamphȳliā scītis esse, plēnissimum signōrum optimōrum. Vous pouvez suggérer à votre bibliothèque/établissement d’acquérir un ou plusieurs livres publié(s) sur OpenEdition Books.N'hésitez pas à lui indiquer nos coordonnées :OpenEdition - Service Freemiumaccess@openedition.org22 rue John Maynard Keynes Bat. 28In the course of the section considered here, Cicero mentions a wide range of Roman personnel involved in provincial administration. 2.1 deals with the first three parts of this fourfold division (quadripertita distributio), Ver. 54, 128-42. ), Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire, London, 10-24. A good account of educational practices in the late Roman republic can be found in Corbeill, A. The so-called Verrine Orations thus comprise the Divinatio in Caecilium (‛Preliminary hearing against Caecilius’), which won him the right to act as prosecutor of Verres; the decisive speech he gave during the first hearing (in Verrem 1); and the material Cicero prepared for the second hearing, repackaged into five undelivered orations (in Verrem 2.1-5).1 The dissemination of this corpus of speeches constituted an unprecedented enterprise, ‛the largest single publication of [his] entire career, if not the biggest such undertaking in the first century B.C.’2 Cicero’s rationale for publishing the speeches against Verres in written form was most likely complex and will have involved his desire to consolidate his standing as an orator and the wish to broadcast the enormous amount of work he had put into the trial. ‘who, as they used to say, played all of his music inside’. 2.1, in the trial as a whole this particular oration (and hence the Lampsacus episode as well) is a bit of a sideshow. (1967), ’Verres and Judicial Corruption’, Classical Quarterly 17, 408-13; McDermott, W. C. (1977), ’The Verrine Jury’, Rheinisches Museum 120, 64-75. CONTENTS Chronological Table 3 Marcus Tullius Cicero 4 Gaius Verres 5 The Context of the Case 5 Roman Oratory 6 The Text: Cicero, In Verrem II. ), Cicero the Advocate, Oxford, 117-46 (117). In Verrem ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily.The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileship, paved the way for Cicero's public career. But in the larger scheme of things, Ver. II.2 etc.). If the setting is a court of law, the prosecutor tries to convince those who judge the case of the guilt of the defendant, whereas the advocate aims to achieve a verdict of innocence. 2.1. 12 For details, see Marshall, A. J. The Trial of Verres and Cicero’s Set of Speeches against Verres, 4. A keynote of the speech (2.1: Neminem vestrum ignorare arbitror, iudices...) is that Cicero’s audience is in the know: Verres’ shenanigans, trickery, and attempts at deception cannot fool them.26 But since his guilt is so glaring and well-established, a verdict of innocent would reveal the judges inevitably as corrupt and unfit for their role. Aspendioi kitharistai – that is, cithara-players of Aspendos – were known for their custom of playing the instrument, designed for both hands, with their left hand only, which was placed between the cithara and the player (hence intus), without using the right hand that held the plectron and was placed ‘outside’, facing the audience. In the years before their showdown in 70 BC, each of the two men spent time in the Greek East and in Sicily. 2.1.53 You know that Aspendus is an ancient and noble town in Pamphylia, full of very fine statues. Flower (ed. Whereas Verres and his ilk appear as villains and perverts, he lavishes praise upon the inhabitants of Lampsacus and in particular Philodamus and his son. Part 1 of my video of my translation of the AS Latin set text. For the problem of plausibility in abuse, see Craig, C. (2004), ’Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof’, in J. Powell and J. Paterson (eds. Some Remarks on the Language of amicitia’, in A. Coşkun (ed. Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. Section 1 provides a minimum of biographical information on Cicero and Verres. upon the death of King Attalus III of Pergamum. As M. Alexander points out, he was ‛put in the invidious position of having to reply to charges that had not been fully argued, and while [he] probably had a good idea of the arguments which Cicero would be making at the second hearing, he would not have wanted to give credence to them by stating them himself, and then trying to refute them’.13 In the Orator, a rhetorical treatise he wrote in 46 BC, Cicero seems to imply that Hortensius never gave a formal speech in reply and only cross-examined some witnesses during the first hearing (Orat. It is thus … [full essay], Aspendum vetus oppidum et nobile in Pamphylia scitis esse, plenissimum signorum optimorum. Latin Texts & Translations. 54, 128-42 (133). iv §58) : non modo apud populum Romanum sed etiam ext. For excellent and accessible treatments see Richardson, J. Their number indicated the importance of the magistracy: consuls had twelve, praetors six. For Classics teachers. While it may go too far to see this institution, in which members of Rome’s ruling elite sat in judgement over their peers, as a means by which Rome’s imperial republic maintained for itself the myth of beneficial imperialism, in practice the court can be considered ‛the chief countervailing force against the all-powerful Roman magistrate and his companions in the military field and provincial government.’36, 31In the course of its history, arrangements of who could act as prosecutor and who manned the juries underwent several changes. Assignments were usually done by lot, but could also be ‛arranged’ by those who were entitled to take up a provincial governorship in any given year. Conversely, he makes a damning reference to Roman money-lenders active in the region and their unscrupulous greed (§ 74). It never reconvened: Verres considered the case that Cicero presented against him during the first hearing so compelling that he went into voluntary exile. Identify the three superlatives in the paragraph. Towards the end of the republican period, legates who travelled in the company of pro-magistrates were also given lictors, especially when they represented their superior in military command or jurisdiction. THE ORATION FOR SEXTUS ROSCIUS OF AMERIA. ), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge, 242-67. After reading the passage, are you convinced that Cicero has proved Verres’ guilt? . Cicero presents the lurid details of Verres' alleged crimes in exquisite and sophisticated prose. 25 For Cicero’s tendency to split his personnel into the good and the bad and to characterize accordingly see Gildenhard (2011) 74-98 (’The good, the bad, and the in-between’). in Verrem 2.1) and affords a privileged glimpse of the sordid underbelly of Roman imperialism – whatever degree of truth we are willing to grant to his spin on the events. Cicero’s main aim in this paragraph is to illustrate the magnitude of Verres’ greed, in particular how it manifests itself in comprehensive looting. (1996), Controlling Laughter: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic, Princeton and Edwards, C. (1993), The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome, Cambridge. 23 One may wish to distinguish the act of narration or the result thereof, i.e. (cf. Salvete, ich bin in den letzten Zügen vor der Latinumsprüfung und verzweifle regelmäßig an Marcus Tullius Cicero. But Cicero put an end to Verres’ crimes and his career: after the trial, Verres remained in exile until his death in 43 BC. My name is Fadil Nohur, a.k.a. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86. Many more detailed accounts of the circumstances of the trial exist than the bare-bone coverage provided here. Cicero also knows how to underscore the reliability of his two prime witnesses: P. Tettius and C. Varro, who both served on the staff of Nero (§ 71). 1, 2Ver. It is therefore unwise to take anything he says about the character of any of his seemingly sociopathic villains at face value – including Verres. hoc dico, nullum te Aspendi signum, Verres, reliquisse: Cicero uses *homoioteleuton as a stylistic device to connect three main themes of the paragraph: (i) the town of Aspendos, (ii) its rich treasure of statues, and (iii) their plunder by Verres. nat. 28 For a range of views on how and why Rome conquered the Greek East (from deliberate policy to mainly reactive to Greek concerns and invitations) see Harris, W. (1979), War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, Oxford; Gruen, E. S. (1984), The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, Berkeley; and Morstein Kallet-Marx, R. (1995), Hegemony to Empire. Aspendum: located on the Southern coast of Turkey on the right bank of the river Eurymedon (between the modern tourist hotspots Antalya and Alanya), Aspendos was a significant centre of trade in ancient times, especially for salt, oil, grain, and wool; after the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, it became part of the kingdom of Pergamum, which King Attalus III, at his death without heir, bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC. Vérifiez si votre institution a déjà acquis ce livre : authentifiez-vous à OpenEdition Freemium for Books. Dextra plectro utitur, et hoc est foris canere; sinistrae digiti chordas carpunt, et hoc est intus canere. Naugerius, vulg. Cicero in Verrem 2.1.53-86; Tacitus Annals 15.20–23, 33–45; Virgil Aeneid 4.1-299; Upload a Resource (test mode – don’t use) ... Register Login. Contrast the ‘leisurely’ and exactly parallel constructions vetus oppidum et nobile and (with added *hyberbaton) hoc signum … et illud with the absence of connectives here: Cicero uses none between reliquisse and evecta exportataque esse, ex fanis and ex locis publicis, or palam, spectantibus omnibus, and plaustris. Staff of provincial governors also included such functionaries as lictors, messengers (viatores), heralds (praecones), and scribes (scribae). [Ingo Gildenhard; Marcus Tullius Cicero] (1993), Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, p. 110. First, we get a detailed account of the shameless looting of artistic treasures Verres committed as legate in the Greek East in the late 80s BC. 2After the conclusion of the proceedings, Cicero published the set of speeches he had given in the context of prosecuting Verres as well as those he had prepared for delivery – ‛prepared for delivery’ because the case came to a premature end before the speeches could be delivered. Betreff des Beitrags: Cicero, In Verrem 1, 2-4. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53–86. 15The first speech intended for the second hearing (Ver. In fact, what brought Verres to Lampsacus was an embassy to two kingdoms bordering on the Roman province of Asia, a journey Verres undertook, so Cicero insinuates spitefully but not necessarily correctly, entirely for personal profit. 27 For a highly readable and very stimulating account of how Rome became involved with the Greek world that includes all the important facts and figures with a hard look at scholarly orthodoxies, see Gruen, E. S. (2004), ’Rome and the Greek World’, in H. I. plaustris wagon, cart, wain; constellation of Great Bear/Big Dipper; euecta carry away, convey out; carry up; exalt; jut out, project; exportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, [ex + portō], 1, a., carry away, send away, export. (1989), Ethos and Pathos from Aristotle to Cicero, Amsterdam. edit. Latin Cicero In Verrem 2.1 Chapter 53 Translation [Click Info tab for entire description] Hello! 9 For issues of chronology, see Marinone, N. (1950), Quaestiones Verrinae, Turin; and (1977), Cronologia Ciceroniana, Rome, 65-7. ), Brill’s Companion to Cicero: Oratory and Rhetoric, Leiden, Boston, Cologne, 71-111 (87-103). 35 Braund, D. C. (1998), ’Cohors. . 20When it comes to the depiction of character, Cicero likes to paint in black and white. In outline the speech breaks down into the following sections: 1-23: Preface24-31: Explanation why Cicero didn’t indict in detail during the actio prima32-34: Blueprint of the actio secunda1934-40: Verres’ quaestorship41-102: Verres’ stint as legate and pro-quaestor of Dolabella in Cilicia41-61: Verres’ thefts of artworks62-86a: The Lampsacus episode86b-90: The theft at Miletus90-102: Verres’ crimes as a guardian and pro-quaestor103-58: Verres’ urban praetorship103-27: Abuses of his judicial powers128-54: Misconduct as a supervisor of the maintenance of public buildings155-58: His jury-tampering in other trials, 16The Lampsacus episode stands out as the centrepiece of the oration – a sustained and largely self-contained unit, in which Cicero explores Verres’ past in particular depth and detail. Cicero here reconsiders events that happened about a decade earlier, in an effort to portray Verres as evil through and through. Sicily was the first, established in 241 BC, in the wake of the First Punic War. fiddle_n, the author of these sets back in 2011-2012. secuti Baiter, Kayser, Mueller.Habent non modo apud ext. His service as quaestor under the consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo came to an abrupt and disgraceful end when he scarpered with the public money entrusted to him (some half million sesterces) to Carbo’s enemy Sulla.5 And a couple of years later he repaid the support he had enjoyed as legate under Gnaeus Dolabella in Cilicia by acting as prime witness in the extortion trial that Dolabella faced upon his return to Rome.6 Complaints about his abuse of power dogged his governorship in Sicily throughout his term in office, even necessitating the (futile) intervention of a consul in 72 BC.