They remember her as a confident, studious, young girl with a streak that was rebellious without being boisterous. Claudette Colvin is an activist who was a pioneer in the civil rights movement in Alabama during the 1950s. [37], "All we want is the truth, why does history fail to get it right?" "You may do that," said Parks, who is now 87 and lives in Detroit. [15], In 1955, Colvin was a student at the segregated Booker T. Washington High School in the city. She is a civil rights activist from the 1950s and a retired nurse aide. "I went bipolar. "For a while, there was a real distance between me and Mrs Parks over this. "So did the teachers, too. [24], Colvin's moment of activism was not solitary or random. Funeral Services will be held Saturday, April 20, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. at the Ft. Deposit Municipal Complex with Pastor. They forced her into the back of a squad car, one officer jumping in after her. "I was scared and it was really, really frightening, it was like those Western movies where they put the bandit in the jail cell and you could hear the keys. She refused, saying, "It's my constitutional right to sit here as much as that lady. The court, however, ruled against her and put her on probation. I heard about the court decision on the news, Colvin recalled. "She gave me the feeling that I was the Moses that God had sent to Pharaoh," said Fred Gray, the lawyer who went on to represent her. ", Everyone, including Colvin, agreed that it was news of her pregnancy that ultimately persuaded the local black hierarchy to abandon her as a cause clbre. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. "Never. Jeanetta Reese later resigned from the case. [20] In a later interview, she said: "We couldn't try on clothes. "She was not the first person to be arrested for violation of the bus seating ordinance," said J Mills Thornton, an author and academic. The driver caught a glimpse of them through his mirror. In the south, male ministers made up the overwhelming . The churches, buses and schools were all segregated and you couldn't even go into the same restaurants," Claudette Colvin says. Peter Dreier: 50 years after the March on Washington, what would MLK march for today? On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. It wasn't a bad area, but it had a reputation." On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. Anything to detach herself from the horror of reality. She appreciated, but never embraced, King's strategy of nonviolent resistance, remains a keen supporter of Malcolm X and was constantly frustrated by sexism in the movement. The decision in the 1956 case, which had been filed by Fred Gray and Charles D. Langford on behalf of the aforementioned African American women, ruled that Montgomery's segregated bus system was unconstitutional. It was a case of 'bourgey' blacks looking down on the working-class blacks. ", To complicate matters, a pregnant black woman, Mrs Hamilton, got on and sat next to Colvin. That's what they usually did.". Claudette Colvin was the first person arrested by the police in Montgomery, AL for refusing to give up her bus seat. "[33] "I'm not disappointed. Claudette Colvin in 2009. Despite her personal challenges, Colvin became one of the four plaintiffs in the Browder v. Gayle case, along with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith (Jeanatta Reese, who was initially named a plaintiff in the case, withdrew early on due to outside pressure). .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. "I never swore when I was young," she says. Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist who, before .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Rosa Parks, refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Almost nine months after Colvins bus protest, she heard news reports that Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, had likewise been arrested for a bus seating protest. She fell out of history altogether. [citation needed]. ", Some in Montgomery, particularly in King Hill, think the decision was informed by snobbery. While this does not happen by conspiracy, it is often facilitated by collusion. When a white woman who got on the bus was left standing in the front, the bus driver, Robert W. Cleere, commanded Colvin and three other black women in her row to move to the back. Gary Younge investigates, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the black community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against blacks on grounds of skin colour, the black community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade. But they dont say that Columbus discovered America; they should say, for the European people, that is, you know, their discovery of the new world. Unable to find work in Montgomery, Colvin moved to New York in 1958, while her son Raymond remained behind with family. "I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the othersaying, 'Sit down girl!' An ad hoc committee headed by the most prominent local black activist, ED Nixon, was set up to discuss the possibility of making Colvin's arrest a test case. he asked. [5] Colvin did not receive the same attention as Parks for a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, she was pregnant. I had been kicked out of school, and I had a 3-month-old baby.. . She needed support. "It was partly because of her colour and because she was from the working poor," says Gwen Patton, who has been involved in civil rights work in Montgomery since the early 60s. She herself didn't talk about it much, but she spoke recently to the BBC. "You got to get up," they shouted. However, her story is often silenced. Mayor Todd Strange presented the proclamation and, when speaking of Colvin, said, "She was an early foot soldier in our civil rights, and we did not want this opportunity to go by without declaring March 2 as Claudette Colvin Day to thank her for her leadership in the modern day civil rights movement." A sanitation worker, Mr Harris, got up, gave her his seat and got off the bus. But Colvin told the driver she had paid her fare and that it was her constitutional right to remain where she was. On June 5, 1956, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama issued a ruling declaring the state of Alabama and Montgomery's laws mandating public bus segregation as unconstitutional. He could not bring himself to chide Mrs Hamilton in her condition, but he could not allow her to stay where she was and flout the law as he understood it, either. Those who are aware of these distortions in the civil rights story are few. Colvin was the first person to be arrested for challenging Montgomery's bus segregation policies, so her story made a few local papers - but nine months later, the same act of defiance by Rosa Parks was reported all over the world. In 1956, Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People briefly considered using Colvin's case to challenge the segregation laws, but they decided against it because of her age. The three black passengers sitting alongside Parks rose reluctantly. asked one. CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST, 81, BIRMINGHAM, AL. In high school, she had high ambitions of political activity. None of them spoke to me; they didn't see if I was okay. ", Nonetheless, the shock waves of her defiance had reverberated throughout Montgomery and beyond. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. It is here, at 658 Dixie Drive, that Colvin, 61, was raised by a great aunt, who was a maid, and great uncle, who was a "yard boy", whom she grew up calling her parents. March 2 was named Claudette Colvin Day in Montgomery. You can't sugarcoat it. [39], In 2019, a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, including Colvin[40][41][42], In 2021 Colvin applied to the family court in Montgomery County, Alabama to have her juvenile record expunged. "There was no assault", Price said. But, as she recalls her teenage years after the arrest and the pregnancy, she hovers between resentment, sadness and bewilderment at the way she was treated. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a1897c67fea0e3a They just didn't want to know me. - Claudette Colvin On March 2, 1955, an impassioned teenager, fed up with the daily injustices of Jim Crow segregation, refused to give her seat to a white woman on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. He was so light-skinned (like his father) that people frequently said she had a baby by a white man. NPR's Margot Adler has said that black organizations believed that Rosa Parks would be a better figure for a test case for integration because she was an adult, had a job, and had a middle-class appearance. For months, Montgomerys NAACP chapter had been looking for a court case to test the constitutionality of the bus laws. She sat in the colored section about two seats away from an emergency exit, in a Capitol Heights bus. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. Her timing was superb. "I remember during Easter one year, I was to get a pair of black patent shoes but you could only get them from the white stores, so my mother drew the outline of my feet on a brown paper bag in order to get the closest size, because we weren't allowed to go in the store to try them on.". Colvin has retired from her job and has been living her life. Ward and Paul Headley. Colvin was a kid. I started protecting my crotch. "[4][5] Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners because Colvin was unmarried and pregnant during the proceedings. She retired in 2004. BBC World Service. During her pregnancy, she was abandoned by civil rights leaders. Colvin's sister, Gloria Laster, said. Montgomery was not home to the first bus boycott any more than Colvin was the first person to challenge segregation. "I recited Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee, the characters in Midsummer Night's Dream, the Lord's Prayer and the 23rd Psalm." "We learned about negro spirituals and recited poems but my social studies teachers went into more detail," she says. "It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing.". Now 76 and retired, Colvin deserves her place in history. The bus went three stops before several white passengers got on. "If any of you are not gentlemen enough to give a lady a seat, you should be put in jail yourself," he said. She said she felt as if she was "getting [her] Christmas in January rather than the 25th. Broken-down cars sit outside tumble-down houses. Fifteen-year-old Claudette Colvin was the first to be arrested in protest of bus segregation in Montgomery. At the time, black leaders, including the Rev. Her casting as the prim, ageing, guileless seamstress with her hair in a bun who just happened to be in the wrong place at the right time denied her track record of militancy and feminism. Aster is known as a talisman of love and an enduring symbol of elegance. "I wasn't with it at all. Her rhythm is simple and lifestyle frugal. But also let them know that the attorneys took four other women to the Supreme Court to challenge the law that led to the end of segregation. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. 83 Year Old #3. Rosa didnt give me enough time to put in for a day off, she recalled. Men instructed their wives to walk or to share rides in neighbour's autos.". The other three moved, but another black woman, Ruth Hamilton, who was pregnant, got on and sat next to Colvin. The driver looked at the women in his mirror. The leaders in the Civil Rights Movement tried to keep up appearances and make the "most appealing" protesters the most seen. Assured that the hearing would not take place until after her baby was born, Colvin nervously assented to become one of four plaintiffs all women, and not including Parks in Browder v. Gayle. I felt the hand of Harriet Tubman pushing down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth pushing down on the other. 1956- Colvin was one of four Black women who served as plaintiffs in a federal court suit 1956- Had her child, his name was Raymond 1957- People were bombing black churches 1957- Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Martin Luther King Jr., had been seeking to stir the outrage of African Americans and sympathetic whites into civic action. You had to take a brown paper bag and draw a diagram of your foot and take it to the store". In 1960, she gave birth to her second son, Randy. We used to have a lot of juke joints up there, and maybe men would drink too much and get into a fight. Going to a segregated school had one advantage, she found - her teachers gave her a good grounding in black history. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for the boycott. They had threatened to throw her out of the Booker T Washington school for wearing her hair in plaits. "Well, I'm going to have you arrested," he replied. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack at age 37. [Mrs. Hamilton] said she was not going to get up and that she had paid her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. "They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance. "So I told him I was not going to get up either. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman. [32], In 2005, Colvin told the Montgomery Advertiser that she would not have changed her decision to remain seated on the bus: "I feel very, very proud of what I did," she said. She and her son Raymond moved in with Velma while Colvin looked for work. At the time, Parks was a seamstress in a local department store but was also a secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP). 1939- Claudette was born in Birmingham 1951- 22nd Amendment was put into place, limiting the presidential term of office . "They lectured us about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth and we were taught about an opera singer called Marian Anderson who wasn't allowed to sing at Constitutional Hall just because she was black, so she sang at Lincoln Memorial instead.". She earned mostly As in her classes and aspired to become president one day. The policeman arrived, displaying two of the characteristics for which white Southern men had become renowned: gentility and racism. They'd call her a bad girl, and her case wouldn't have a chance."[6][8]. Most of the people didn't have problems with us sitting on the bus, most New Yorkers cared about economic problems. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Performance & security by Cloudflare. By the time she got home, her parents already knew. Eclipsed by Parks, her act of defiance was largely ignored for many years. Phillip Hoose also wrote about her in the young adult biography Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Rita Dove penned the poem "Claudette Colvin Goes to Work," which later became a song. Rosa Parks was thrown off the bus on a Thursday; by Friday, activists were distributing leaflets that highlighted her arrest as one of many, including those of Colvin and Mary Louise Smith: "Another Negro woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down," they read. Colvin was initially charged with disturbing the peace, violating the segregation laws, and battering and assaulting a police officer. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. It felt like Harriet Tubman was pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth was pushing me down on the other shoulder, she mused many years later. Claudette Colvin's birth flower is Aster/Myosotis. Later, she would tell a reporter that she would sometimes attend the rallies at the churches. One month later, the Supreme Court declined to reconsider, and on December 20, 1956, the court ordered Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation permanently. The discussions in the black community began to focus on black enterprise rather than integration, although national civil rights legislation did not pass until 1964 and 1965. Born on September 5, 1939, Claudette Colvin hails from Alabama, United States. [24] She was convicted on all three charges in juvenile court. State and local officials appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. That was worse than stealing, you know, talking back to a white person. The story of Colvins courage might have been forgotten forever had not Frank Sikora, a Birmingham newspaper reporter assigned in 1975 to write a retrospective of the bus boycott, remembered that there had been a girl arrested before Parks. [28] Colvin stated she was branded a troublemaker by many in her community. Complexity, with all its nuances and shaded realities, is a messy business. "The news travelled fast," wrote Robinson. A 15-year-old high school student at the time, Colvin got fed up and refused to move even before Parks. Colvin has said, "Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation, but that wasn't the case at all. She worked there for 35 years until her . The driver wanted all of them to move to the back and stand so that the white passenger could sit. Rule and Guide: 100 ways to more Success for only $8.67 Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. One white woman defended Colvin to the police; another said that, if she got away with this, "they will take over". A memorial service will be held at 11:00 AM, Saturday, March 4, 2023, at East Juliette . Two policemen boarded the bus and asked Colvin why she wouldn't give up her seat. Colvin left Montgomery for New York City in 1958,[6] because she had difficulty finding and keeping work following her participation in the federal court case that overturned bus segregation. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a retired American nurse aide who was a pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement. "He asked us both to get up. "I waited for about three hours until my mother arrived with my pastor to bail me out. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . So we choose the facts to fit the narrative we want to hear. It was March 2, 1955 and fifteen-year-old Claudette Colvin was taking the bus in order to get home after her day of attending classes. Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. But people in King Hill do not remember Colvin as that type of girl, and the accusation irritates Colvin to this day. I don't know how I got off that bus but the other students said they manhandled me off the bus and put me in the squad car. Claudette Colvin : biography. It is this that incenses Patton. Claudette Colvin, Who Was Arrested for Refusing to Give Up Her Bus Seat in 1955, Is Fighting to Clear Her Record The civil rights pioneer pushed back against segregation nine months before Rosa. [26], Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case of Browder v. Gayle. They sent a delegation to see the commissioner, and after a few meetings they appeared to have reached an understanding that the harassment would stop and that Colvin would be allowed to clear her name. Smith was arrested in October 1955, but was also not considered an appropriate candidate for a broader campaign - ED Nixon claimed that her father was a drunkard; Smith insists he was teetotal. [2] Price testified for Colvin, who was tried in juvenile court. The young Ms. Colvin was portrayed by actress Mariah Iman Wilson. Meanwhile, Parks had been transformed from a politically-conscious activist to an upstanding, unfortunate Everywoman. All I could do is cry. Colvin gave birth to her first son Raymond Jun 5, 1956. Phillip Hoose. "We didn't know what was going to happen, but we knew something would happen. Best Known For: Claudette Colvin is an activist who was a pioneer in the civil rights movement in Alabama during the 1950s. "I was really afraid, because you just didn't know what white people might do at that time," Colvin later said. [16] On March 2, 1955, she was returning home from school. "The light-skinned girls always thought they were better looking," says Colvin. Reeves was a teenage grocery delivery boy who was found having sex with a white woman. Or purchase a subscription for unlimited access to real news you can count on. [36], Colvin and her family have been fighting for recognition for her action. And I just kept blabbing things out, and I never stopped. [16], Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. This led to a few articles and profiles by others in subsequent years. She works the night shift and sleeps "when the sleep falls on her" during the day. 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