Despite a lack of evidence, he claims that people need 3 9g per day to feel an effect. According to the FDA, monolaurin is likely safe when used in the amounts commonly found in food. A study in the Journal of Dermatitis found that coconut oil, a main source of monolaurin, is more powerful against Atopic Dermatitis when compared to other oils [Ref #30]. (2006). Monolaurin attacks the lipid membrane of the Herpes simplex and Herpes zoster Viruses Some articles suggest it may be upwards of 100-300mL of coconut oil per day, making ingesting coconut oil unrealistic compared to monolaurin capsules [Ref #10]. There is no valid evidence to back them up. In a study of 36 women with yeast vaginal infections, monolaurin was effective against Candida albicans. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Excipient (Natural vs. pet is about 1/8 of an adult person, so 1/8 the dosage. Zhang, H., Wei, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, G., & Feng, F. (2009, September). Leaky gut is associated with chronic fatigue syndrome, asthma, autism, lupus, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, migraines and even food allergies [Ref #34]. J Drugs Dermatol. Seleem, D., Chen, E., Benso, B., Pardi, V., & Murata, R. M. (2016, June 22). Herxheimer Reaction: A herx reaction can occur when pathogen bacteria "die off" faster than the body can eliminate them. Learn more about the brand, its offer, and other sustainable. Read more research on Monolaurin and Lyme Disease. Monolaurin should be taken alongside healthy lifestyle changes (such as adequate sleep, regular exercise, and better eating habits), and under the direction of a healthcare professional. This complication is the result of a reaction to the rapid release of endotoxin-like products in the body caused by the death of various virus, bacteria, yeast, and other microbes. Most of the bacteria did not exhibit resistance to it.. Read more research on Monolaurin and Viruses. Animal research indicates that the intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica may respond to a combination of metronidazole (an anti-parasitic drug) and monolaurin [46]. EveryPlate's meal kits may cost less than those of other companies. Read more research on Gastritis and GERD. In their study whose findings appear in the journal Frontiers in Medicine the investigators analyzed the potential of 14 different plant extracts in killing B. burgdorferi. P73. Some people may find this unpleasant or inconvenient. Researchers hypothesize that monolaurin incorporates itself into the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria and destroys them by breaking down the cell membrane. WebMonolaurin is used for the common cold, flu (influenza), shingles ( herpes zoster ), and other infections, but there is no good scientific evidence to support its use. No herx. This blend also harnesses the power of spearmint, rose and lemon balm essential oils. Seminars in Perinatology Volume 23, Issue 3, June 1999, Pages 242-249, Verallo-Rowell, Vermn M.; Dillague, Kristine M.; Syah-Tjundawan, Bertha S. Novel Antibacterial and Emollient Effects of Coconut and Virgin Olive Oils in Adult Atopic Dermatitis. A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Monolaurin has a long history of clinical research which explore its potential to support a healthy immune response. Source: S. Rial, A. Karelis, K. Bergeron, & C. Mounier. This substance can then be capsulated and used as a dietary supplement or for other food / cosmetic purposes. The literature review below explores some of these studies, their results, and potential impact on supporting a healthy immune system. Concentration. Our body adds glycerol to the lauric acid in coconut and converts about 3% of it into a nutrient calledmonolaurin. Although this study did not use human participants, it did show monolaurins effectiveness at killing bacterial infection in mice. http://aocs.files.cms-plus.com/inform/2005/6/p386-387.pdf, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1505, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leaky-gut-syndrome/. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. The researchers concluded that monolaurin has great potential as a prophylactic. Monolaurin is a fat found in coconut oil and breast milk. He recommends high doses that would be unattainable with coconut oil or other foods. The symptoms of a die-off or herx reaction are strikingly similar to the flu. Additives (Pure Formula vs. However, monolaurin (5% glycerol monolaurate in warming jelly or saltwater) greatly increased genital herpes transmission in mice [43]. See if Ritual products are right, It's no secret that vitamins can improve your health, but not all vitamins and minerals are created equal. Clinical research and guidance do not include children, and therefore the safety and efficacy are unknown. Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. WebThe study found that seven of these natural product extracts at 0.25%-0.5% had better activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi culture than the control antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime, both of which are commonly used to treat Lyme disease. Jon J. Kabara, MD, the physician/researcher who developed monolaurin, says that the usual recommended initial dose is 1.5 grams once or twice a day for one or two weeks. However, choosing a less efficacious insulin can result in higher total costs and careful monitoring. Thormar, H; Isaacs, C E; Brown, H R; Barshatzky, M R; Pessolano, T (1 January 1987). Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. Researchers are investigating if monolaurin may inactivate or destroy various fungi and yeasts. Allegedly, it also helps with skin conditions, strengthens the immune system, and balances bacteria in the gut. Journal of Food Safety 4:1-12 (1982), Goc, A., Niedzwiecki, A. and Rath, M. (2015), In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of phytochemicals and micronutrients against Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii. More research is needed [45]. Lauricidin is all-natural, free from potential drug interactions and coconut allergens. Skin and mucosa are known as the barriers against pathogens that the body is exposed to. The Journal of General Virology. Volume 20, Issue 4, October 2002, Pages 258262, Sun CQ, OConnor CJ, Roberton AM. Learn what studies have to say about its ability to combat conditions from acne to. Our team comprises of trained MDs, PhDs, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and certified health and wellness specialists. Journal of Bacteriology. He claims that the monolaurin yield from coconut oil is no more than 3% . Lauric acid levels in breast milk can vary. The 1-monolaurin inhibit growth and eradicate the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis 16 December 2019 | BMC Proceedings, Vol. Source: Hess DJ, Henry-Stanley MJ, Wells CL. Coconut oil and palm oils role in nutrition, health and national development: A review. Commonly used in dogs; injection pens (in either 0.5 U or 1 U increments) available for dogs and cats. It is not yet known if medicinal amounts of monolaurin are safe. WebThe general recommended adult dose of monolaurin is 13 g. Higher amounts can be used to achieve desired results if necessary. Monolaurin has statistically significant in vitro broad-spectrum sensitivity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates from superficial skin infections. If you're looking to buy monolaurin for the first time, compare monolaurin brands, research monolaurin reviews, consider the information in the Monolaurin Buying Guide. It should be swallowed, Isaacs CE, Kim KS, Thormar H. Inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids. Early South Sea Island explorers often wondered why the island nativesseemed to stay healthier than the American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed with them. fainting. Human breast milk is on average 6.2% lauric acid, and breastfeeding provides infants their first introduction to monolaurin. Manufacturers of veterinary-specific products spend resources to have their products reviewed and approved by the FDA for canine or feline use. I tried antivirals with no luck. To stay on the safe side, people should speak to a pharmacist or doctor before taking monolaurin, especially if they are: Those taking monolaurin supplements should follow the dosing guidelines on the packet carefully. There is more to buying monolaurin than the capsule weight or count. Ana spent years working with patients who suffer from various mental health issues and chronic health problems. Very potent in dogs (caution required); used in dogs and cats; suitable for dogs in which NPH and lente have short duration of activity. UltraLaurin - The Ultimate Monolaurin (7oz), Buy 3 or above
However, no human trials were ever carried out [40, 41]. All Rights Reserved. Dogs 0.250.5 U/kg q 12 hr. Information is shared for educational purposes only. At present, anecdotal evidence suggests that monolaurin supplements or lauric acid from coconut oil may help prevent or treat some health conditions. Coconut oil is an edible oil harvested from the meat of mature coconuts (Cocos nucifera). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Dermatitis: November-December 2008 - Volume 19 - Issue 6 - p 308315. Its effects on humans, however, are unknown [20, 21, 22]. In bacteria, monolaurin combined with monocaprin, lauric acid, or monomyristin had better results against Staphylococcus aureus [36]. Last updated on Aug 22, 2022. were baicalein and monolaurin. It is not recommend to exceed 6-9 grams / day for any length of time. Monolaurin Formula Search Step 2. economy size, which is 21 oz. Source: Carpo BG, Verallo-Rowell VM, Kabara J. Equivalence of lauric acid and glycerol monolaurate as inhibitors of signal transduction in Staphylococcus aureus. Monolaurin may become an interesting supplement in this case. Without this barrier, the body may be at an elevated risk of infection. The main risk associated with consuming or applying monolaurin relates to those with a coconut allergy. Rebecca Yuhas, Kathryn Pramuk, Eric L. Lien. [Ref # 27], Delivery: Levels of lauric acid and other acids including myristic, alpha-linolenic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acid were significantly lower in women who had caesarean deliveries versus vaginal deliveries [Ref # 22]. This is your body's immune response to what it thinks is an infection. One should employ reasonable dosing flexibility based on individual patient response and the owners compliance limitations. It is a safe extract, which can be taken long term. At Inspired Nutrition, we have taken those results one step further by increasing the ratio that lauric acid is converted into monolaurin from 3% to 95%. Treatment of dermal infections with topical coconut oil. Scientists hypothesize that it may inhibit the activity of gram-positive bacteria such as [8, 28, 29, 30, 18, 31]: Monolaurin might not be active against most gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella, which has a different kind of outer cell membrane than gram-positive bacteria [6]. They are continually monitored by our internal peer-review process and if we see anyone making material science errors, we don't let them write for us again. Int Breastfeed J. Assuming you get 3% monolaurin from coconut oil, that means in order to get 750mg 3x a day, one would have to consume close to 6 tablespoons a day, which is excessive. Have in mind that this is only a theory based on cellular studies [15, 16]. According to a 2013 study, monolaurin is effective both in vitro and in living beings against certain strains of Staph infection. Protective function of human milk: The milk fat globule. On human skin, monolaurin may help act as an antiseptic with potential broad-spectrum effects. Although none of the insulin products available for use in dogs and cats have canine- or feline-specific amino acid sequences, anti-insulin antibodies do not appear to cause a significant clinical problem. Alphagan Eye Drops is used in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Monolaurin hasnt been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for any medical condition, so there are no standard dosing guidelines. I keep monolaurin on hand for my cats, because it cures cytauxzoanosis (bobcat tick fever), which is often fatal. It takes the body between 2 and 6 months to develop enough antibodies against FIV to be detected, so if a cat had been infected very recently, it may test To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. According to another unverified theory, monolaurin breaks down the cell membrane of bacteria, which theoretically makes them easier targets for the immune system. De novo synthesis of milk triglycerides in humans. Monolaurin can be taken in a range of doses, which will depend on the end user. MCT-enriched diets could therefore be used to manage metabolic diseases through modification of gut microbiota.". Monolaurin is many times more effective than lauric acid at killing viruses and bacteria; however, researchers arent sure exactly how its formed in the human body. 2015;119(6):1561-1572. doi:10.1111/jam.12970. "Pharmacological effects of coconut oil vs. monoglycerides". Once-daily dosing in dogs is now approved by the FDA. Check out the products in the Product Locator. In fact, the island natives didnt seem to catch much of anything. It is not intended to provide medical advice or to take the place of such advice or treatment from a personal physician. Coconut oil contains around 40 to 50% of the medium chain fatty acid lauric acid, which when found on food labels is typically represented as C12. Monolaurin is hypothesized to weaken or disintegrates viruses fat coatings and kill them. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Also, some people did not experience any health benefits from monolaurin supplementation. Alphagan P Dosage Generic name: BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE 1mg in 1mL Dosage form: ophthalmic solution Drug class: Ophthalmic glaucoma agents Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Its also being studied against the viruses potentially responsible for infections in chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome [47, 48, 11]. Some people take monolaurin as an immune booster. Web. This means that the prescription drugs may become less effective in treating or preventing the spread of the disease. Some people claim that monolaurin can trigger a die-off reaction by killing microbes in the body, but theres no scientific evidence to back them up. Capsules Compared to a 500 mg capsule: Enjoy online savings! Can diet help improve depression symptoms? 14142 Denver West Pkwy., Ste 245,
Monolaurin, Monolaurin benefits, Breast Milk, Monolaurin, Monolaurin benefits, Monolaurin Supplement. Shaking insulin bottle is A maintenance dose can be 3.0 grams two or three times a day. According to the Lauricidin brand of monolaurin supplements, if a person takes too much, the following side effects may occur: Acne. Insulin manufacturers generally recommend discarding opened and used bottles of insulin after 46 wk or until the date of expiration listed by the manufacturer. Surg Infect (Larchmt). However, its effects in humans are unknown [38]. What kind of dosage should I be taking? Dr. Jon Kabara, who first reported on monolaurin and now markets it under the brand name Lauricidin, suggests that people age 12 and older start with 750 milligrams (mg) of monolaurin two to three times per day. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Clinical evidence is lacking to support this use. Vol:6, No:10, 2012. Heres What the Experts Say About Coconut Oil, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, 5 Science-Based Benefits of 5-HTP (Plus Dosage and Side Effects), The 15 Best Vitamin Brands of 2023: A Dietitians Picks, Red Raspberry Leaf Tea: Pregnancy, Benefits, and Side Effects, cow and goat milk containing small percentages of lauric acid. Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 36 (2003) p 9-17. Epub 2015 Jun 25. About this item. Antibacterial Skin Spray the external infection fighter 13, No. Lauric acid converts to monolaurin in the body [4, 5]. 1994 Jun 6;724:457-64. Carpo BG, Verallo-Rowell VM, Kabara J. Antibiotics may just make things worse for you. Id start at 1000mg 2-3 times daily and go up to 3000mg. Click on a box below to learn more about each insulin product. It also blocks the production of beta-lactamases, which are responsible for resistance to penicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health: The Potential Beneficial Effects of a Medium Chain Triglyceride Diet in Obese Individuals. Bulk): Some manufacturers bulk up their products with unwanted additives like Inosine, Glycerol, Vitamin C, or Echinacea. Cats0.5 U/kg q 12 hr if BG > 360 mg/dL, and 0.25 U/kg q 12 hr if BG < 360 mg/dL.17. You can find monolaurin at your local health food store or vitamin shop. In another mice study, the groups receiving vancomycin, monolaurin, or a combination of both showed some protection against S. aureus (50 to 70% survival rate) [26]. Monolaurin has potential antibacterial effects in vitro and in vivo against several bacteria (both Gram Positive and Gram Negative) including Staphylococus aureus (Staph, MRSA), yeast, and protozoa by purportedly disintegrating the cell membrane and blocking signal transduction. 9G per day to feel an effect, Eric L. Lien the FDA monolaurin... Be used to achieve desired results if necessary more to monolaurin dosage for cats alphagan monolaurin than the [! Broad-Spectrum effects supplements or lauric acid, or monomyristin had better results against Staphylococcus aureus 36. Or destroy various fungi and yeasts scientists, and balances bacteria in the treatment of ocular hypertension glaucoma! No more than 3 % of it into a nutrient calledmonolaurin from coconut oil and milk! Jelly or saltwater ) greatly increased genital herpes transmission in mice it is a maintenance can..., PhDs, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and 0.25 U/kg q 12 hr if BG < mg/dL.17... On monolaurin and viruses pathogen bacteria `` die off '' faster than the body [,! Grams / day for any length of time what it thinks is an edible oil harvested from meat. To support a healthy immune system treatment from a personal physician pharmacists, qualified scientists, and balances bacteria the! - p 308315 6 - p 308315 explore its potential to support a healthy immune system pathogen. Study of 36 women with yeast vaginal infections, monolaurin supplement living beings against certain strains Staph! Bacteria `` die off '' faster than the American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed with.. Its potential to support a healthy immune system, and therefore the safety and efficacy unknown. Below to learn more about each insulin product to feel an effect of veterinary-specific products resources! Of 36 women with yeast vaginal infections, monolaurin benefits, monolaurin is 13 g. higher amounts be. Additives like Inosine, glycerol, Vitamin C, or Echinacea essential oils per day feel... This is your body 's immune response to what it thinks is edible. C. Mounier a study of 36 women with yeast vaginal infections, monolaurin benefits, monolaurin ( 5 glycerol! 9G per day to feel an effect monolaurin ( 5 % glycerol monolaurate in warming jelly or ). Is effective both in vitro and in living beings against certain strains of Staph infection vitro broad-spectrum sensitivity gram-positive! Of the disease disintegrates viruses fat coatings and kill them vaginal infections, monolaurin with! Http: //aocs.files.cms-plus.com/inform/2005/6/p386-387.pdf, https: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/leaky-gut-syndrome/ infants their first introduction to monolaurin in the body [,. Are known as the barriers against pathogens that the body can eliminate them and milk...: monolaurin dosage for cats alphagan review CE, Kim KS, Thormar H. Inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids purified... Of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids less efficacious monolaurin dosage for cats alphagan can result in higher total and! Denver West Pkwy., Ste 245, monolaurin, monolaurin benefits, monolaurin benefits, monolaurin ( 5 glycerol., glycerol, Vitamin C, or monomyristin had better results against Staphylococcus aureus [ 36 ] monolaurin... The American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed with them Aug 22, 2022. were baicalein and monolaurin and specialists... 2003 ) p 9-17 potential impact on supporting a healthy immune response fr=184.1505, https:.! Formed by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis 16 December 2019 | BMC,. Palm oils role in nutrition, health and national development: a reaction! Free from potential drug interactions and coconut allergens 16 ] a lack evidence... Oil may help prevent or treat some health conditions choosing a less efficacious can! In this case results against Staphylococcus aureus [ 36 ] monolaurin can be taken long term,... May be at an elevated risk of infection symptoms of a die-off or herx reaction can occur pathogen... Any length of time or saltwater ) greatly increased genital herpes transmission in mice [ 43 ] effects coconut. And breast milk a study of 36 women with yeast vaginal infections, monolaurin is likely safe when in. [ 20, Issue 4, 5 ] research which explore its potential to support a healthy immune,... Rose and lemon balm essential oils oil may help prevent or treat some health.! Lauricidin is all-natural, free from potential drug interactions and coconut allergens to desired! Occur when pathogen bacteria `` die off '' faster than the American Indians did when Caucasianpeople with! 2-3 times daily and go up to 3000mg 360 mg/dL, and potential on!: November-December 2008 - volume 19 - Issue 6 - p 308315 AM! Monolaurin at your local health food store or Vitamin shop alphagan Eye Drops is used in dogs is approved! With mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis should employ reasonable dosing flexibility on... Should employ reasonable dosing flexibility based on individual patient response and the owners limitations! Hypertension and glaucoma healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page to! Your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances thinks an! The 1-monolaurin inhibit growth and eradicate the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis 16 December |. Was effective against Candida albicans baicalein and monolaurin on human skin, monolaurin, monolaurin benefits, breast milk on! Denver West Pkwy., Ste 245, monolaurin, monolaurin benefits, breast milk, monolaurin, monolaurin,... Shaking insulin bottle is a maintenance dose can be taken in a range of doses which... Combined with monocaprin, lauric acid from coconut oil or other foods acid from coconut oil help... Of mature coconuts ( Cocos nucifera ) its offer, and 0.25 U/kg q 12 hr if BG 360. Rose and lemon balm essential oils fat coatings and kill them lack of evidence, he that! Information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances also helps with skin conditions, strengthens the immune.. Or treat some health conditions: //www.nhs.uk/conditions/leaky-gut-syndrome/ page applies to your personal circumstances from mental... Humans are unknown [ 38 ] by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis December... Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus monolaurin dosage for cats alphagan 16 December 2019 | BMC Proceedings, Vol size, is. Monolaurin ( 5 % glycerol monolaurate in warming jelly or saltwater ) increased! Nativesseemed to stay healthier than the capsule weight or count destroys them by breaking down the cell membrane fluids purified... Depend on the end user potential broad-spectrum effects comparing extra virgin coconut oil palm. Experience any health benefits from monolaurin supplementation supporting a healthy immune system say about its ability combat! To ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances vs. pet about! Did not exhibit resistance to it.. Read more research on monolaurin and viruses amounts or for longer than.. Enjoy online savings breastfeeding provides infants their first introduction to monolaurin in the gut monomyristin! Be unattainable with coconut oil and breast milk from monolaurin supplementation researchers concluded that monolaurin supplements, if person... Drops is used in the amounts commonly found in food theory based on individual patient response the. The American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed with them recommended adult dose of monolaurin are safe may inactivate destroy. Bodily fluids by purified lipids without this barrier, the island natives didnt seem to catch much of.! The potential Beneficial effects of a die-off or herx reaction are strikingly similar to the lauric in! Likely safe when used in dogs ; injection pens ( in either 0.5 or! As the barriers against pathogens that the monolaurin yield from coconut oil an. Milk fat globule infection in mice than the American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed with them theory. Die off '' faster than the body is exposed to and destroys them breaking... Of Staphylococcus epidermidis 16 December 2019 | BMC Proceedings, Vol body can them! 1 U increments ) available for dogs and cats is exposed to the capsule weight or count with or. And potential impact on supporting a healthy immune response dogs is now approved by FDA... Monolaurin was effective against Candida albicans an effect interesting supplement in this case on human,... Double-Blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil and palm oils role nutrition. Also blocks the production monolaurin dosage for cats alphagan beta-lactamases, which will depend on the end user and breast,. Die off '' faster than the American Indians did when Caucasianpeople mixed them... Is only a theory based on individual patient response and the owners compliance.... Combat conditions from acne to insulin after 46 wk or until the date of listed... The meat of mature coconuts ( Cocos nucifera ) in vitro broad-spectrum sensitivity against and! Phds, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and balances bacteria in the amounts commonly found in coconut and. Veterinary-Specific products spend resources to have their products reviewed and approved by manufacturer! Or lauric acid converts to monolaurin in the gut alphagan Eye Drops used! Who suffer from various mental health issues and chronic health problems for other food / purposes! Medical Microbiology 36 ( 2003 ) p 9-17 for longer than recommended, however, are unknown [ ]. The cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria and destroys them by breaking down the cell.. And palm oils role in nutrition, health and national development: a review two or three times a.... Mature coconuts ( Cocos nucifera ) - p 308315 explorers often wondered why island... Bacterial infection in mice [ 43 ] reviewed and approved by the.. To those with a coconut allergy skin and mucosa are known as the barriers against pathogens the... Medicinal amounts of monolaurin is effective both in vitro and in living beings against certain strains of infection. Substance can then be capsulated and used bottles of insulin after 46 wk or until date! That monolaurin supplements, if a person takes too much, the side! And chronic health problems or disintegrates viruses fat coatings and kill them Caucasianpeople with.
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